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Judges 16:1 Now Samson went to Gaza and saw a harlot
there, and went in to her. |
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NOW SAMSON WENT TO
GAZA AND SAW A HARLOT THERE: Genesis 10:19; Joshua 15:47 Harlot -
Genesis 38:16-18; Ezra 9:1,2
Related Resources
Ephesians 5:3, 4ff Exposition
Proverbs 4:23 Exposition
2Corinthians
7:1 Exposition
Jehovah Nissi: Exposition
of Exodus 17:8-16
1Thessalonians 4:3ff Exposition
Galatians 5:16ff Exposition
1Timothy 4:7ff Exposition
2Corinthians 10:3-5 - Exposition
James 1:13;
James 1:14;
James 1:15 - Exposition
Proverbs 5:1-14;
Proverbs 5:15-23;
Proverbs 6:20-35;
Proverbs 7:1-27
- Exposition
This chapter (among
many lessons) shows how desire can deceive a person into believing a lie.
R C Sproul applies the truths in
this story to believers today noting that...
Samson drifted into sin one inch at a
time, but finally there was a point when God withdrew his favor and denied
him access to the gift of strength. Pride, presumption, and neglecting your
spiritual gifts may result in the same end. What task has God set before you
at this point in life? Are you aware of your privilege and, as Paul
encouraged Timothy (2Ti 1:6-note),
are you stirring up your gift into a righteous flame? (Before the Face of
God: Book Three: A Daily Guide for Living from the Old Testament)
Guzik comments that...
In this Samson is a picture of the
believer in disobedience. God used him, but he did not benefit from it. His
life ended in personal tragedy, shadowed by the waste of great potential. The same problem! He
has just drunk of victory... and yet here again in one night he falls. This
ought to remind us that the proclivity to sin never dies of old age, that
our weaknesses never go away; they are always there. We can always overcome
them in the power of the Spirit of God, but they never leave us. We are
always weak in the area of these old sins. As someone has said, "Old flesh
never dies; it just smells that way." So after victory he is tempted in this
area and he immediately succumbs, because he is unwilling to turn to the
Lord in his time of need and to draw upon him.
Now again the Lord delivers him miraculously. He escapes through the midst
of the Philistines at night and rips the gates off the city walls and
carries them on his back all the way to Hebron, which is 40 miles from
Gaza--again an evidence to him of the immense strength that was his in the
Lord. Harlot
(zanah/zonah) means a prostitute.
Prostitutes like the woman whom Samson visited at Gaza were common
in the ancient world. In fact, prostitution has been a part of religious
rites since at least 3000 a.d. In Babylon, Syria, Canaan, Arabia, and Phoenicia intercourse with a temple
prostitute was believed to induce fertility among humans, animals, and
crops. The historian Herodotus tells of a Babylonian custom that required
every woman to sit in the temple of the goddess Ishtar until chosen by a
stranger for sexual relations. A desirous man would toss a coin in a woman’s
lap. If she accepted the coin and his sexual advances, she would have paid
her obligation to the goddess and be free to return to her normal life. In
Israel, however, ritual prostitution was forbidden (Dt 23:17). Laws existed
to prevent priests from marrying prostitutes (Lev 21:7), and income from
prostitution could not be used to pay vows in the temple (Dt 23:18).
Nevertheless, commercial prostitutes practiced their trade rather freely in
Hebrew society. They were easily recognizable by their hairstyle, head
ornaments, or perhaps a special mark on their foreheads. Their clothing and
jewelry signaled their availability, and like streetwalkers everywhere, they
frequented particular locales well known as meeting spots. Payments were
accepted in money, grain, wine, or livestock. It was even common to accept a
pledge until the payment could be fulfilled.
Went in to her - The life of Samson illustrates the ancient truth
that a good beginning doesn’t guarantee a good ending.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow once wrote that
Great is the art of beginning, but greater is the art of ending. (cp Heb
12:1, 2, Php 3:14, 1Ti 1:18, 6:20, 1Pe 1:13)
As Solomon wrote,
The end of a matter is better than its beginning (Eccl 7:8)
Samson’s morality had fallen to a low point
with his visit to the prostitute at Gaza, and he soon was paying the
consequences of ignoring God. It’s possible for one's character to
deteriorate so much that they don’t have to be tempted in order to sin. All
they need is the opportunity to sin, and they will tempt themselves (cp Jas
1:14, 15-notes)!
What a
frightening state in which to be! Illicit sex may taste sweet as honey (Pr
5:3-notes),
but always ends up as bitter as wormwood (Pr 5:1-14-notes).
Samson the man had become Samson the animal as the prostitute led him to the
slaughter (Pr 7:6-23-notes).
Gaza was an important seaport town located about forty miles from Samson’s
hometown of Zorah. We aren’t told why Samson went there, but it’s not likely
he was looking for sensual pleasure. Once again the lust of the eyes and the
lust of the flesh (cp 1Jn 2:15, 16, 17, Jas 1:14) combined to grip Samson and make him a slave to his
passions. It seems incredible to us that a servant of God (Jdg 15:18), who
did great works in the power of the Spirit, would visit a prostitute, but
the record is here for all to read. This story reminds one of the exploits of Jimmy Swaggart
caught visiting ladies of the night.
ENEMY ATTACK
-In his book, From the Shadows, former CIA
director Robert Gates relates a near-catastrophe that took place during the
Presidency of Jimmy Carter. Carter's national security advisor,
Zbigniew Brzezinski, was once awakened and informed that the Soviet Union
had launched an all-out nuclear attack. One minute before he was to have
called the President, word arrived that the first information had been in
error. Someone had accidentally inserted military exercise tapes into the
missile-defense computer system. Thankfully, Brzezinski's wake-up call was a
false alarm. He remained calm and in control in a situation in which he
might have fallen prey to fear or panic. He knew that if we fail to control
our passions, our passions control us. That's what happened to Samson.
Unable to control himself, in the end he fell victim to an ""enemy attack.""
F B Meyer writes that...
A fatal snare again entangled Samson. --
How many great men have been too weak to resist the wiles of the flesh.
Those who do great exploits for God must ever watch against these. This
story should remind us of the death of Christ. In His weakness as He hung
upon the Cross, the power of hell compassed Him in, and anticipated an easy
victory, but He laid hold on the doors of death, the gate into the unseen,
and plucked them up, bars and posts and all, and put them upon His shoulders
and carried them up to the top of the everlasting hills, which lie towards
the city of Rest (Eph. 4:8).
ARE YOU DRIFTING FROM GOD?
Then Mull Over the
Quotes on Backsliding
John MacArthur has book The
Power of Integrity (Buy
and read the printed book
or the
computer version), the reading and practice of which is sorely needed
to sound a wake up call in many sleeping, drifting, compromising modern churches. Here is an excerpt
from this excellent book that relates to Samson's life as it
deals with the sad certain sequelae of compromise...
Church history is full of people who
refused to compromise the biblical standards. As he stood before the Diet of
Worms and was ordered to recant his writings or lose his life, Martin Luther
did not deny Christ. Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, two English
Reformers, were both burned at the stake for their faith in Christ. Those
men are representative of the people who can’t be bought; no price will
cause them to sell out.
THE PRICE OF COMPROMISE
Men who hold to an uncompromising
standard are sorely lacking in the church today. Many so-called Christians
boast of their moral standards and extol their righteous character, yet
abandon their conviction when compromise is more beneficial and expedient.
Perhaps you recognize one or more of the
following:
• People say they believe the Bible, yet attend churches where the Bible
isn’t taught.
• People agree that sin must be punished, but not if those sins are
committed by their children.
• People oppose dishonesty and corruption until they must confront their
bosses and risk losing their jobs.
• People maintain high moral standards until their lusts are kindled by
unscriptural relationships.
• People are honest until a little dishonesty will save them money.
• People hold a conviction until it is challenged by someone they admire or
fear.
Sadly, such compromises are not exceptions; they have become the rule. But
don’t think twentieth-century Christians are the only experts in the art of
compromise. Scripture is full of people who compromised, including some very
choice servants of God.
• Adam compromised God’s law, followed his wife’s sin, and lost paradise
(Gen. 3:6, 22, 23, 24).
• Abraham compromised the truth, lied about Sarah’s relationship to him, and
nearly lost his wife (Ge 12:10, 11, 12).
• Sarah compromised God’s Word and sent Abraham to Hagar, who bore Ishmael
and destroyed peace in the Middle East (Ge 16:1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12).
• Moses compromised God’s command and lost the privilege of entering the
Promised Land (Nu 20:7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12).
• Samson compromised his devotion as a Nazirite and lost his strength, his
eyesight, and his life (Jdg. 16:4, 5, 6, 16-31).
• Israel compromised the commands of the Lord, lived in sin, and, when
fighting the Philistines, lost the Ark of God (1Sa 4:11). She also
compromised the law of God with sin and idolatry and lost her homeland (2Chr 36:14,
15, 16, 17).
• Saul compromised God’s divine word by not slaying the animals of his enemy
and lost his kingdom (1Sa 15:3, 20-28).
• David compromised God’s standard, committed adultery with Bathsheba,
murdered Uriah, and lost his infant son (2Sa 11:1, 2, 3, 4ff, 2Sa 12:7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 - note especially what David had despised in
committing these sins - 2Sa 12:9, 10 and what was the most odious result -
2Sa 12:14).`
• Solomon compromised his convictions, married foreign wives, and lost the
united kingdom (1Ki 11:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
• Judas compromised his supposed devotion for Christ for thirty pieces of
silver and was separated from Christ eternally (Mt 26:20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 47,
48, 49;
27:1, 2, 3, 4, 5; cf. Jn 17:12).
• Peter compromised his conviction about Christ, denied Him, and lost his
joy (Mark 14:66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72). Later he compromised the truth in order to gain
acceptance by the Judaizers and lost his liberty (Gal. 2:11, 12, 13, 14).
• Ananias and Sapphira compromised their word about their giving, lied to
the Holy Spirit, and lost their lives (Acts 5:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11).
Two observations come to mind from those examples. First, in every case the
effect of the compromise was to lose something valuable in exchange for
something temporary and unfulfilling, some sinful desire. How contrary that
is to what we discovered in the first chapter. There we learned that you
gain something valuable (your salvation and relationship with Christ) in
exchange for something worthless (your sin and self-righteousness).
Second, note what was compromised in each of those examples: either God’s
Word, a command from God, or a conviction about God. Thus the true price of
compromise is a rejection of God’s Word, which amounts to rebellion against
Him and promotion of self as the final authority.
That is the situation in many churches today. Even in churches that once
were genuinely evangelical, where the Bible was the divine standard for
belief and living, God’s Word is now compromised. Sometimes it is stripped
of its clear meaning or is relegated to a place of secondary authority. In
many churches that once preached sound doctrine, evils that God plainly and
repeatedly condemns are touted as acceptable. Scripture is often
reinterpreted to accommodate those anti-biblical views. Pragmatism is in;
commitment to biblical truth is denigrated as poor marketing strategy.
The fact is, people are content with unbiblical notions that raise their
comfort level and either justify or overlook their sins. They are quick to
reject as unloving anyone who presumes to hold them accountable to doctrinal
beliefs and moral standards they deem outmoded and irrelevant.
Today the church is full of spiritual babies who are
tossed here and there by waves, and
carried about by every wind of doctrine, by the trickery of men, by
craftiness in deceitful scheming (see note
Ephesians 4:14)
—the antithesis of a
spiritually mature Christian. Spiritual babies are in constant danger of
falling prey to every new religious fad that comes along. Because they are
not anchored in God’s truth, they are subject to every sort of counterfeit
truth—humanistic, cultic, pagan, demonic, or whatever. Just as families
today are dominated by their children, so are many churches. How tragic when
the church’s immature believers are among its most influential teachers and
leaders. (MacArthur,
J. The Power of Integrity : Building a Life Without compromise. Crossway
Books
or the
computer version), |
|
Octavius Winslow (1808-1878) wrote a
book entitled
Personal Declension and Revival of
Religion in the Soul
dealing specifically
with the topic "What is the present spiritual state of my soul before God?"
His first chapter entitled
Incipient Declension
is most relevant to
the study and application of the truths seen in the spiritual slippage in
the sad, solemn saga of Samson. Perhaps God is calling you to stop for a
time and ponder Samson. If you are experiencing a weariness of soul brought
on by wandering from the ancient paths (Jer 6:16), perhaps Winslow's soul
"prying" work might be just what the Great Physician is prescribing to draw
you from the depths of despond, apathy, etc. The following is simply a
partial excerpt from Chapter 1 (Incipient
Declension) to wet your
spiritual appetite. Clearly the best balm is always the pure, undiluted
Word, but there are times when God seems to raise up human works meant to
catalyze our desires to discipline ourselves for godliness. The
intrigued reader is encouraged to at least take a look at the interesting
table of contents (each of which is an active link...e.g., when was the last
time you read or heard a discussion of grieving the Spirit?)
Preface
Chapter 1: Incipient Declension
Chapter 2: Declension in Love
Chapter 3: Declension in Faith
Chapter 4: Declension in Prayer
Chapter 5: Declension in Connection with Doctrinal
Error
Chapter 6: On Grieving the Spirit
Chapter 7: The Fruitless and the Fruitful Professor
Chapter 8: The Lord, the Restorer of His People
Chapter 9: The Lord, the Keeper of His People
Excerpt from
Chapter 1: Incipient Declension -
“The backslider in
heart (Pr 14:14).”
If there is one consideration more
humbling than another to a spiritually-minded believer, it is, that, after
all God has done for him, - after all the rich displays of His grace, the
patience and tenderness of His instructions, the repeated discipline of His
covenant, the tokens of love received, and the lessons of experience
learned, there should still exist in the heart a principle, the tendency of
which is to secret, perpetual, and alarming departure from God. Truly, there
is in this solemn fact, that which might well lead to the deepest
self-abasement before Him.
If, in the present early stage of our inquiry into this subject, we might be
permitted to assign a cause for the growing power which this latent, subtle
principle is allowed to exert in the soul, we would refer to the believer's
constant forgetfulness of the truth, that there is no essential element in
divine grace that can secure it from the deepest declension; that, if left
to its self-sustaining energy, such are the hostile influences by which it
is surrounded, such the severe assaults to which it is exposed, and such the
feeble resistance it is capable of exerting, there is not a moment -
splendid though its former victories may have been - in which the incipient
and secret progress of declension may not have commenced and be going
forward in the soul! There is a proneness in us to deify the graces of the
Spirit. We often think of faith and love, and their kindred graces, as
though they were essentially omnipotent; forgetting that though they
undoubtedly are divine in their origin, spiritual in their nature, and
sanctifying in their effects, they yet are sustained by no self-supporting
power, but by constant communications of life and nourishment from Jesus;
that, the moment of their being left to their inherent strength, is the
moment of their certain declension and decay.
We must here, however, guard a precious and important truth; viz., the
indestructible nature of true grace. Divine grace in the soul can never
really die; true faith can never utterly and finally fail. We are speaking
now but of their decay. A flower may droop, and yet live: a plant may be
sickly, and yet not die. In the lowest stage of spiritual declension, in the
feeblest state of grace, there is a life that never dies. In the midst of
all his startings aside, the ebb and the flow, the wandering and the
restoring, the believer in Jesus is “kept by the power of God through faith
unto salvation.” He cannot utterly fall; he cannot finally be lost. The
immutability of God keeps him, - the covenant of grace keeps him, - the
finished work of Jesus keeps him, - the indwelling of the Spirit keeps him,
and keeps him to eternal glory. We say, then, true grace is indestructible
grace; it can never die. But it may decay; and to the consideration of this
solemn and important subject, the reader's serious attention is now invited.
We propose to exhibit the subject of Personal Declension of Religion in the
Soul in some of its varied and prominent forms and phases, and to direct to
those means which God has ordained and blessed to its restoration and
revival. (Read
more
) |
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Judges 16:2 When it was told to the Gazites, saying,
"Samson has come here," they surrounded the place and lay in wait for him
all night at the gate of the city. And they kept silent all night, saying,
"Let us wait until the morning light, then we will kill him." |
|
Surrounded - 1Samuel
19:11; 23:26; Psalms 118:10-12; Acts 9:24; 2 Corinthians 11:32,33
Silent - Jdg 15:18; Matthew 21:38; 27:1; Acts 23:15 |
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Judges 16:3 Now Samson lay until midnight, and at
midnight he arose and took hold of the doors of the city gate and the two
posts and pulled them up along with the bars; then he put them on his
shoulders and carried them up to the top of the mountain which is opposite
Hebron. |
|
Took the doors
- Psalms 107:16; Isa 63:1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Micah 2:13; Acts 2:24
The fact that the city gate
was barred didn’t alarm him. He picked up the doors, posts, and bars and
carried them off! Whether he carried them all the way to Hebron, a distance
of about forty miles, or only to a hill that faced Hebron, depends on how
you translate Jdg 16:3. Both interpretations are possible. In spite of his sin
with the prostitute from Gaza, Samson was still able to carry away the
entire city gate some 30 to 40 miles
The city gate was not only a protection for the city, but also the place
where the officials met to transact business. To “possess
the gate of his enemies” was a metaphor meaning “to defeat your enemies” |
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Judges 16:4 After this it came about that he loved a
woman in the valley of Sorek, whose name was Delilah. |
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AFTER THIS IT CAME
ABOUT THAT HE LOVED A WOMAN IN THE VALLEY OF SOREK: Loved - 1 Kings
11:1; Nehemiah 13:26; Proverbs 22:14; 23:27; 26:11; 27:22; 1 Corinthians
10:6
"Loved" (ahab)
has a wide range of meanings like its English counterpart, ranging from mere
physical attraction to loyal devotion. In the present context it refers
primarily to physical-emotional attraction.
Valley of Sorek lay
between Zorah and Timnah on the border of Judah and Philistia. The city of
Beth-shemesh was located there. Whenever Samson went into enemy territory,
he “went down” both geographically and spiritually (14:1, v5, v7, 10). This
time he found a woman in the valley, not too far from home; and he fell in
love with her. It’s a dangerous thing to linger at the enemy’s border; you
might get caught. The Valley of Sorek was near his home, but Samson’s heart
was already far from God. It shocks us to see this Nazarite sleeping on the
lap of a wicked woman, but this is what happens when people choose to go
their own way and reject the counsel of loved ones and the Lord.
DELILAH: Along with David and Bathsheba, Samson and
Delilah have captured the imagination of scores of writers, artists,
composers, and dramatists. Handel included Delilah in his oratorio “Samson,”
and Saint-Saens wrote an opera on “Samson and Delilah.” (The “Bacchanale”
from that work is still a popular concert piece.) When Samson consorted with
Delilah in the Valley of Sorek, he never dreamed that what they did together
would be made into a Hollywood movie and projected in color on huge screens.
Scholars disagree on the meaning of Delilah’s name. Some think it means
“devotee,” suggesting that she may have been a temple prostitute. But
Delilah isn’t called a prostitute as is the woman in Gaza, although that’s
probably what she was. For that matter, Delilah isn’t even identified as a
Philistine. However, from her dealings with the Philistine leaders, she
appears to be one. Other students believe that the basis for her name is the
Hebrew word dalal, which means “to weaken, to impoverish.” Whether or not
this is the correct derivation, she certainly weakened and impoverished
Samson!
Samson's sensuality proved to be his demise as it did for famous author
Oscar Wilde (not a Christian as far as I can discern) who wrote the
following sad commentary...
The gods had given me almost everything.
But I let myself be lured into long spells of senseless and sensual
ease...Tired of being on the heights, I deliberately went to the depths in
search for new sensation. What the paradox was to me in the sphere of
thought, perversity became to me in the sphere of passion. I grew careless
of the lives of others. I took pleasure where it pleased me, and passed on.
I forgot that every little action of the common day makes or unmakes
character (Ed note: read that statement again!), and that therefore what
one has done in the secret chamber, one has some day to cry aloud from the
house-top. I ceased to be lord over myself. I was no longer the captain of
my soul, and did not know it (Ed note: Actually being born into sin he was
never truly the captain of his soul, although self-deception led him to
believe he once was). I allowed pleasure to dominate me. I ended in horrible
disgrace. (Ed note: May his tribe decrease!) |
|
Judges 16:5 And the lords of the Philistines came up to
her, and said to her, "Entice him, and see where his great strength lies and
how we may overpower him that we may bind him to afflict him. Then we will
each give you eleven hundred pieces of silver." |
|
Lords - Jdg 3:3;
Josh13:3; 1Sa 29:6 Entice - Jdg 14:15; Pr 2:16-19; 5:3-11; 6:24-26;
7:21-27; 1Co 6:15, 16, 17, 18 Afflict - Jdg 17:2; Ge 33:16; Nu
22:17,18; Mic 7:3; Mt 26:15; 1Ti 6:9,10 Entice
(patah) means to deceive, seduce, allure, coax or persuade and depicts
the seducing of persons sexually or enticing them into sin and
transgression. The Philistines used this same verb (patah) when they
demanded that Samson's bride-to-be "coax" him into revealing his secret (Jdg
14:15). Even as the Timnite girl managed to get the truth out of Samson,
tragically so would Delilah.
Each of the Philistine
leaders offered to pay Delilah a considerable sum of money if she would
entice Samson and learn the source of his great strength. Micah offered to
pay his household priest ten pieces of silver a year, plus room and board
(Jdg 17:10); so Delilah was being rewarded most generously. If each of the
princes of the five Philistine cities was in on the plan, as they probably
were, Delilah would have received 5,500 pieces of silver. This shows how
important it was to the Philistine leaders that Samson be captured. |
|
Judges 16:6 So Delilah said to Samson, "Please tell me
where your great strength is and how you may be bound to afflict you." |
|
SO DELILAH SAID TO
SAMSON, "PLEASE TELL ME WHERE YOUR GREAT STRENGTH IS AND HOW YOU MAY BE
BOUND TO AFFLICT YOU: Psalms 12:2; Proverbs 6:26; 7:21; 22:14; 26:28; Je
9:2, 3, 4, 5; Micah 7:2,5 When Delilah began to
probe for the secret of his strength, Samson should have been aware of his
danger and, like Joseph (Ge39:12; 2Ti2:22), fled as fast as possible. But
passion had gripped him, sin had anesthetized him, and he was unable to act
rationally. Anybody could have told him that Delilah was making a fool out
of him, but Samson would have believed no one.
In his devotional
Morning and Evening Spurgeon asks...
Where lies the secret strength of faith?
It lies in the food it feeds on; for faith studies what the promise is—an
emanation of divine grace, an overflowing of the great heart of God; and
faith says, “My God could not have given this promise, except from love and
grace; therefore it is quite certain his Word will be fulfilled.” Then faith
thinketh, “Who gave this promise?” It considereth not so much its greatness,
as, “Who is the author of it?” She remembers that it is God who cannot
lie—God omnipotent, God immutable; and therefore concludeth that the promise
must be fulfilled; and forward she advances in this firm conviction. She
remembereth, why the promise was given,—namely, for God’s glory, and she
feels perfectly sure that God’s glory is safe, that he will never stain his
own escutcheon, nor mar the lustre of his own crown; and therefore the
promise must and will stand. Then faith also considereth the amazing work of
Christ as being a clear proof of the Father’s intention to fulfil his word.
“He that spared not his own Son, but freely delivered him up for us all, how
shall he not with him also freely give us all things?” Moreover faith looks
back upon the past, for her battles have strengthened her, and her victories
have given her courage. She remembers that God never has failed her; nay,
that he never did once fail any of his children. She recollecteth times of
great peril, when deliverance came; hours of awful need, when as her day her
strength was found, and she cries, “No, I never will be led to think that he
can change and leave his servant now. Hitherto the Lord hath helped me, and
he will help me still.” Thus faith views each promise in its connection with
the promise-giver, and, because she does so, can with assurance say, “Surely
goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life!” |
|
Judges 16:7 And Samson said to her, "If they bind me with
seven fresh cords that have not been dried, then I shall become weak and be
like any other man." |
|
If they bind - Jdg
16:10; 1Sa 19:17; 21:2,3; 27:10; Pr 12:19; 17:7; Ro 3:8; Ga 6:7; Col 3:9 |
|
Judges 16:8 Then the lords of the Philistines brought up
to her seven fresh cords that had not been dried, and she bound him with
them. |
|
X |
|
Judges 16:9 Now she had men lying in wait in an inner
room. And she said to him, "The Philistines are upon you, Samson!" But he
snapped the cords as a string of tow snaps when it touches fire. So his
strength was not discovered. |
|
X |
|
Judges 16:10 Then Delilah said to Samson, "Behold, you
have deceived me and told me lies; now please tell me, how you may be
bound." |
|
Tell me - Jdg
16:7,13,15, 16, 17; Proverbs 23:7,8; 24:28; Ezekiel 33:31; Luke 22:48 |
|
Judges 16:11 And he said to her, "If they bind me
tightly with new ropes which have not been used, then I shall become weak
and be like any other man." |
|
Bind - Proverbs
13:3,5; 29:25; Ephesians 4:25 |
|
Judges 16:12 So Delilah took new ropes and bound him
with them and said to him, "The Philistines are upon you, Samson!" For the
men were lying in wait in the inner room. But he snapped the ropes from his
arms like a thread. |
|
X |
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Judges 16:13 Then Delilah said to Samson, "Up to now you
have deceived me and told me lies; tell me how you may be bound." And he
said to her, "If you weave the seven locks of my hair with the web <and
fasten it with a pin, then I shall become weak and be like any other man." |
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THEN DELILAH SAID TO
SAMSON, "UP TO NOW YOU HAVE DECEIVED ME AND TOLD ME LIES; TELL ME HOW YOU
MAY BE BOUND: Since Samson was lying with his head in her lap, Delilah could easily begin
to weave his hair into the material. |
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Judges 16:14 So while he slept, Delilah took the seven
locks of his hair and wove them into the web>. And she fastened it with the
pin, and said to him, "The Philistines are upon you, Samson!" But he awoke
from his sleep and pulled out the pin of the loom and the web. |
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Pulled out - Ezra
9:13,14; Psalms 106:43 |
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Judges 16:15 Then she said to him, "How can you say, 'I
love you,' when your heart is not with me? You have deceived me these three
times and have not told me where your great strength is." |
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THEN SHE SAID TO
HIM, "HOW CAN YOU SAY, 'I LOVE YOU,' WHEN YOUR HEART IS NOT WITH ME: (How
can you say - Jdg 14:16; Pr 2:16; 5:3-14) (Heart - Ge 29:20; Dt 6:5; 1Sa
15:13,14; 2Sa 16:17; Pr 23:26; Song 8:6,7; Jn 14:15,21, 22, 23, 24; 15:10;
2Co 5:14,15; 1Jn 2:15,16; 5:3) And of course she was right! Here is a case of a man of
God being rebuked by a pagan! Samson is the epitome of a deceived man --
when you are deceived you don't even realize it. Furthermore, to allow
oneself to be deceived dictates that there is some level of trust when the
deception occurs. You don't tend to believe someone you don't trust.
Samson was telling her that he loved her, but his
heart wasn't with her. He had never shared the secret of his life. He had
never let her see the hidden things of his spirit. He couldn't, because she
could not have shared them (cp 1Co 6:14, 15). She would have used this
against him.
YOU HAVE DECEIVED ME THESE THREE TIMES AND HAVE NOT TOLD ME WHERE YOUR GREAT
STRENGTH IS." And so finally he is on the verge of giving in to the
pressure that she has relentlessly exerted on him. What a contrast with
godly Joseph who endured Potiphar's wife's sexual overtures day after day
(Ge 39:7, 8, 9, 10, esp Ge 39:10!) and yet did not give in to her seduction
(Ge 39:9, 12, cp 1Co 6:18). Joseph was a man who had set a guard at the
doorway of his heart (Pr 4:23-notes)).
Samson failed to guard his heart and instead of having the strength of heart
to resist Delilah's overtures, he finally succumbed and it cost him his
life. |
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Judges 16:16 And it came about when she pressed him
daily with her words and urged him, that his soul was annoyed to death. |
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Pressed him
(Luke 11:8; 18:5 )
ANNOYED TO DEATH:
He was impatient to the point of death (which came to pass! A prophetic pun!)
In
Proverbs 7:21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 (see
notes) Solomon lays down the basic principles which explain why
Samson yielded to Delilah.
Samson was asleep when he should
have been awake! He was physically asleep which was a sad snapshot of
Samson's spiritual slumber!
May God give us grace that we not fall
prey to the somniferous (sleep inducing) effects of the world, the flesh
and/or the devil!
Remember the warning Christ gave to Peter
in Mt 26:40, 41. Note that each lie Samson told actually took him closer to
the truth. How dangerous it is to play with sin. |
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Judges 16:17 So he told her all that was in his heart
and said to her, "A razor has never come on my head, for I have been a
Nazirite to God from my mother's womb. If I am shaved, then my strength will
leave me and I shall become weak and be like any other man." |
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(All that was in his
heart - Proverbs 12:23; 29:12; Micah 7:5) Talk about not guarding one's
heart. Sometimes guarding our heart is keep noxious spiritual pollutants
from entering, but other times like here we are to keep some things from
going out of our heart.
(Razor has never - Jdg 13:5; Numbers 6:5;
Acts 18:18) |
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Judges 16:18 When Delilah saw that he had told her all
that was in his heart, she sent and called the lords of the Philistines,
saying, "Come up once more, for he has told me all that is in his heart."
Then the lords of the Philistines came up to her, and brought the money in
their hands. |
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(Come up - Psalms
62:9; Proverbs 18:8; Jeremiah 9:4, 5, 6)
Brought the money (Jdg
16:5; Nu 22:7; 1Ki 21:20; Mt 26:15; Ep 5:5; 1Ti 6:10) |
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Judges 16:19 And she made him sleep on her knees, and
called for a man and had him shave off the seven locks of his hair. Then she
began to afflict him, and his strength left him. |
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She made him sleep
on her knees (Proverbs 7:21-23,26,27; 23:33,34; Eccl 7:26)
How tragic! But you
see, this is how the Lord deals with rebellion in our life. He will warn us
through his Word. He will woo us through his Spirit. He will intervene
supernaturally to keep us from destruction. He will counsel us through other
people who love us -- through our parents and members of the body of Christ.
But if we insist on going our own way, he will take his hands off and let us
go. And we fall into the dominion of the flesh. But, you see, it is because
he loves us. If we insist on going our own way, he loves us enough that he
will let us. In the words of the Psalmist, "He will give us our request, but
he will send leanness into our souls."(Ps 106:15 KJV)
F B Meyer
writes that...
A third time Samson fell under the deadly
fascination of a woman. -- Nor did he escape this time so easily. By the
promise of great riches, the Philistine lords successfully bribed Delilah to
ascertain the secret of his strength. A true woman uses her influence over
those she loves, to augment rather than to sap their strength; but Samson,
to his own undoing, sought love outside the limits set by religion. Whenever
men or women act thus they forfeit their purity, and hand themselves over to
the enemies of God, and of their souls, for their destruction.
Licentiousness robs men of wit and
courage
For many are the victims she has cast
down, And numerous are all her slain. Her house is the way to Sheol,
Descending to the chambers of death. (Prov. 7:26-27).
What a warning to us not to tamper with
any secret Delilah sin. Notice how Delilah tried again and again to obtain
Samson's secret, and how he dallied with her, until at last he yielded.
Let us learn that when temptation
comes to us, it is a mistake merely to evade it, or to parry attacks, as if
to throw the tempter off the scent. These lines of defense are taken one
after another, and the foe presses into the citadel, which in turn must
yield.
Let us beware of scissors, even though
apparent love holds them, as they steal over the locks while we are steeped
in unconsciousness of the havoc that they make; lest our strength goes from
us, and we become "like other men" There are hours in our life when, though
we know it not, our strength departs. Oh, the horror of he wist not
(Judges 16:20). Henry Bosch
tells the story of how Robert Robinson, the author of "Come Thou Fount of
Every Blessing"...
"lost the happy communion with the Savior
he had once enjoyed, and in his declining years he wandered into the by-ways
of sin. As a result, he became deeply troubled in spirit. Hoping to relieve
his mind, he decided to travel. In the course of his journeys, he became
acquainted with a young woman on spiritual matters, and so she asked him
what he thought of a hymn she had just been reading. To his astonishment he
found it to be none other than his own composition. He tried to evade her
question, but she continued to press him for a response. Suddenly he began
to weep. With tears streaming down his cheeks, he said, “I am the man who
wrote that hymn many years ago. I’d give anything to experience again the
joy I knew then.” Although greatly surprised, she reassured him that the
“streams of mercy” mentioned in his song still flowed. Mr. Robinson was
deeply touched. Turning his “wandering heart” to the Lord, he was restored
to full fellowship." |
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Judges 16:20 And she said, "The Philistines are upon
you, Samson!" And he awoke from his sleep and said, "I will go out as at
other times and shake myself free." But he did not know that the LORD had
departed from him. |
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I will go out
(Jdg 16:3,9,14; Deuteronomy 32:30; Is 42:24; Hosea 7:9 ) You would think that
by then Samson would have been alert to danger, but his conscience was
defiled and his moral senses were destroyed. Samson even deceived himself by
thinking he had everything under control (v20), but he was wrong.
The rest of the story shows the tragic end of the believer who will not let
God have his way with his life. From v20 on, Samson does nothing but lose.
He loses his hair, the
symbol of his Nazarite dedication; for that dedication had long since been
abandoned. Then he loses his strength, but he is ignorant of it until he is
overpowered. How futile it is for the servant of God to try to serve the
Lord when out of His will. Next Samson loses the light, for the Philistines
put out his eyes. He loses his liberty, for they bind him with fetters of
brass. He loses his usefulness to the Lord, for he ends up grinding corn
instead of fighting God’s battles. Samson also lost his testimony, for he
was the laughingstock of the Philistines. Their fish-god Dagon, not the God
of Israel, was given all the glory.
F B Meyer warns that...
Through neglect of watching and prayer
--or by reason of carelessness in the walk and conversation--it is quite
possible to break that holy connection between ourselves and heaven which is
the secret of deliverance, and the talisman of victory. There is always a
Delilah ready to sheer off the locks of our strength, if we allow ourselves
to sleep in her lap. And out strength may be gone ere we know it. "He wist
not that the Lord had departed from him." (Judges 16:20.)
BUT HE DID NOT KNOW THAT THE LORD HAD DEPARTED FROM HIM:
Jehovah had departed from him -
(Nu 14:9,42,43; Josh 7:12; 1Sa 16:14; 18:12; 28:14, 15, 16; 2Chr 15:2; Is
59:1,2; Jeremiah 9:23,24; Matthew 17:16,20; 2Co 3:5)
When he lost his
long hair, the Lord left him; and he was as weak as other men. His power was
from the Lord, not from his hair; but the hair was the sign of his Nazirite
vow. The Spirit who had come upon him with such power had now departed from
him.
Nu 6:7 reads literally “because the consecration (nezer) of his God is upon
his head.”
The basic meaning of the nezer is “separation” or “consecration”;
but it is also used of a royal crown (2Sa 1:10; Zec 9:16; Ps 89:39). Samson’s
long hair was his “royal crown” and he lost it because of his blatant sin.
Jesus warned the church at
Philadelphia...
Behold, I come quickly! Hold fast what
you have, that no one may take your crown (see note
Revelation 3:11).
Since Samson didn’t discipline his body, he lost both his crown and his
prize (1Co 9:24-27).
Paul charges believers in these
last days to...
But
have nothing to do with
(present
imperative)
worldly fables fit only for old women. On the other hand,
discipline
(present
imperative = calls for
this to be a Christian "soldier's" lifestyle)
yourself for the purpose of godliness, for (explains why spiritual
discipline is so vitally important) bodily discipline is only of little
profit, but godliness is profitable for all things, since it holds promise
for the present life and also for the life to come (see notes
1Timothy 4:7;
1Timothy 4:8)
QUOTES
ON BACKSLIDING
See related resource - interesting book by Octavius
Winslow (Click
here)
As someone has well said
Backsliding
begins when knee-bending stops!
The Christian writer Paul E. Little also alluded to the subtle
slippage inherent in backsliding noting that...
Collapse in the Christian life is seldom a blowout. It is usually a slow
leak. Dr. Payson
warns that...
“The symptoms of spiritual decline are
like those which attend the decay of bodily health. It generally commences
with loss of appetite and a disrelish for wholesome food, prayer, reading
the Scriptures and devotional books. Whenever you perceive these symptoms,
be alarmed, for your spiritual health is in danger: apply immediately to the
great Physician for a cure.”
J. Oswald Sanders writes that...
We must not just take it for granted that
we are in touch with God. Joseph and Mary lost a whole day of fellowship
with Jesus because they “supposed him to be in the company.” They took for
granted something of which they should have made sure. “He [Samson] wist not
that the Lord had departed from him” (Judges 16:20). He was out of touch
with God and did not know it. (Sanders, J O: The Best That I Can Be. OMF
Books. 1984)
Theodore H. Epp a well known Bible expositor warns that...
Backsliding starts in such a subtle way
that most of us are not aware of it, and many of us may be backslidden and
may not realize it.
C E Macartney once explained the
danger of backsliding noting that...
Between an airplane and every other form
of locomotion and transportation there is one great contrast. The horse and
wagon, the automobile, the bicycle, the locomotive, the speedboat, and the
great battleship—all can come to a standstill without danger, and they can
all reverse their engines, or their power, and go back. But there is no
reverse about the engine of an airplane. It cannot back up. It dare not
stand still. If it loses its momentum and forward-drives, then it crashes.
The only safety for the airplane is in its forward and upward motion. The
only safe direction for the Christian to take is forward and upward. If he
stops, or if he begins to slip and go backward, that moment he is in danger.
Mike Yaconelli
wrote the following illustration on backsliding in the Wittenberg Door...
“I live in a small, rural community.
There are lots of cattle ranches around here, and, every once in a while, a
cow wanders off and gets lost. Ask a rancher how a cow gets lost, and
chances are he will reply, ‘Well, the cow starts nibbling on a tuft of green
grass, and when it finishes, it looks ahead to the next tuft of green grass
and starts nibbling on that one, and then it nibbles on a tuft of grass
right next to a hole in the fence. It then sees another tuft of green grass
on the other side of the fence, so it nibbles on that one and then goes on
to the next tuft. The next thing you know, the cow has nibbled itself into
being lost.’ ” Most people don’t deliberately set out to backslide, but
following their appetites or desires from one tuft to the next, they nibble
themselves through the fence and off the straight and narrow path. (A
dramatic illustration of Samson's wanderlust)
Jerry White observes a truth many
believers have experienced at one time or another...
No one is so empty as the man who has
stopped walking with God and doesn’t know it.
F W Boreham alludes to the
Christian's journey through the tempestuous, tempting seas of life noting
that...
The captain gives earnest heed to the
charts lest he drift unconsciously shoreward!
The peril of the drifting life...
For most of us the threat of life is not
so much that we should plunge into disaster, but that we should drift into
sin. There are few people who deliberately and in a moment turn their backs
on God; there are many who day by day drift farther and farther away from
him. There are not many who in one moment of time commit some disastrous
sin; there are many who almost imperceptibly involve themselves in some
situation and suddenly awake to find that they have ruined life for
themselves and broken someone else's heart. We must be continually on the
alert against the peril of the drifting life. The Word will never drift from
us. The danger is our drifting from it. The harbor of salvation is
absolutely secure. It is Jesus Christ, who never moves, never changes, and
is always available to anyone who wants the protection and security of His
righteousness.
The writer of Hebrews adds that in light of the truth of the
superiority of our Captain Christ Jesus...
"We must pay much closer attention to
what we have heard, lest we drift away from it." (Hebrews 2:1)
Predisposition to "drifting" backward...
(1). Time: A slow drift, given enough
time, will carry you to another continent and its dark uncharted waters.
(2). Familiarity with the truth. It is natural for us to come to regard the
familiar as commonplace. The initial venture into the mysteries of Christ
will leave us exhilarated. But with the repeated journeys, some become bored
tourists. (3) Danger of busyness: We who live at the end of the
twentieth century are busy people, and the multiplicity of our cares and
duties can overwhelm us. A snowflake is a tiny thing, but when the air is
full of them, they can bury us. Even so, the thousand cares of each day can
insulate us from the stupendous excellencies of Christ, causing us to begin
a deadly drift. The drifting that comes through the combination of years,
familiarity, and busyness often bares its existence when the storm of
opposition comes. The anchor has long been loosed, and when the winds come,
an eternal soul is suddenly on the rocks and shipwrecked.
Here is a fascinating
illustration of drifting the wrong direction ("backsliding")...
The danger and deceitfulness of drifting
is illustrated by the story of the English explorer, William Edward Parry,
who took a crew to the Arctic Ocean. They wanted to go farther north to
continue their chartings, so they calculated their location by the stars and
started a very difficult and treacherous march north. They walked hour upon
hour, and finally, totally exhausted, they stopped. Taking their bearings
again from the stars, they discovered that they were farther south than they
had been when they started. They had been walking on an ice floe that was
moving south faster than they were walking north. How many people are
out with step to God, thinking that they are walking with Him, when in fact
they are moving away from Him faster than they are supposedly walking toward
Him. That is the tragedy of drifting from the truth. Will you awaken one day
("come to your senses") to find, like Parry’s crew, that all the time you
have been moving imperceptibly in the wrong direction.
In his poem “Let Me Get Home Before
Dark” Dr. Robertson McQuilkin offers a prayer that alludes
to subtle drifting...
I fear the Dark Spectre may come too
soon—or do I mean, too late?
That I should end before I finish or finish, but not well.
That I should stain your honor, shame your name, grieve your loving heart.
Few, they tell me, finish well…
Lord, let me get home before dark.
The venerable preacher Charles
Simeon (see John Piper's summation of this man's amazing ministry -
Brothers, We Must Not Mind a Little
Suffering) once warned that...
However advanced a man may be in piety or
age, he is still in danger of falling.
F. W. Norwood wrote that...
Life’s greatest tragedy is to lose God
and not to miss Him.
Thomas à Kempis
Whoever strives to withdraw from obedience withdraws from grace
C H Spurgeon (read
his miraculous testimony)
spoke a great deal
about backsliding warning that...
You, who have the most familiarity with
Christ, and enjoy the most holy fellowship with him, may soon become the
very leaders of the hosts of Satan if your Lord withdraws His grace. David’s
eyes go astray, and the sweet psalmist of Israel becomes the shameless
adulterer, who robs Uriah of his wife. Samson one day slays a thousand of
his enemies with the might of his arm and the valor of his heart; another
day his honor is betrayed, his locks are shorn, and his eyes are put out by
a strumpet’s treacherous wiles. How soon are the mighty fallen!...
Christian, what do you have to do with
sin? Has it not cost you enough already? What, man! Have you forgotten the
times of your conviction? If you have, I have not! Burnt child, will you
play with the fire? What! When you have already been rent in pieces by the
lion, will you step a second time into his den? Have you not had enough of
the old serpent? Did he not poison all your veins once?
So mature a servant of the devil as Judas
is not purchased all at once. It takes time to educate a man for the
scorner's seat. If you begin to slip on the side of a mountain of ice, the
first slip may not hurt if you can stop and slide no further. But alas, you
cannot so regulate sin! When your feet begin to slide, the rate of the
descent increases, and the difficulty of arresting this motion is
incessantly becoming greater. It is dangerous to backslide in any degree,
for we know not to what it may lead.
The Christian life is very much like
climbing a hill of ice. You cannot slide up. You have to cut every step with
an ice ax. Only with incessant labor in cutting and chipping can you make
any progress. If you want to know how to backslide, leave off going
forward. Cease going upward and you will go downward of necessity. You can
never stand still.
Remember that if you are a child of God,
you will never be happy in sin. You are spoiled for the world, the flesh,
and the devil. When you were regenerated there was put into you a vital
principle, which can never be content to dwell in the dead world. You will
have to come back, if indeed you belong to the family.
Here are several pithy quotes from
unknown sources...
Never look back unless you want to go that way
However deep you fall, you are never out of God's reach
Life's greatest tragedy is to lose God and not miss him
If you are not as close to God as you used to be, you do not have to guess
who moved
John Chrysostom wrote that...
If repentance is neglected for an
instant, one can lose the power of the Resurrection as he lives with the
weakness of tepidity and the potential of his fall.
The
pithy evangelical writer, J C Ryle (1816-1900 -
read a short biography)
has the following "thoughts" relative to backsliding...
Men fall in private long before they fall
in public.
If we know anything of true, saving
religion, let us ever beware of the beginnings of backsliding.
It is a miserable thing to be a
backslider. Of all unhappy things that can befall a man, I suppose it is the
worst. A stranded ship, an eagle with a broken wing, a garden covered with
weeds, a harp without strings, a church in ruins — all these are sad sights,
but a backslider is a sadder sight still.
The following tale illustrates the subtle
nature of backsliding...
A foolish old farmer, so the story goes,
concluded one day that the oats he had fed his mule for years were simply
costing him too much. So he hatched a plan: he mixed a little sawdust in
with the feed, and then a little more the next day, and even more the next,
each time reducing the amount of oats in the mix. The mule didn’t seem to
notice the gradual change, so the farmer thought things were fine and kept
decreasing the proportion of oats. But weeks later, on the day he finally
fed the poor beast nothing but sawdust, the mule finished the meal and fell
over dead. A silly tale, perhaps, but it serves as a parable of the
backslider—the Christian who slips further and further away from God through
unrepented sin or neglect. Though we know our souls cannot survive on
spiritual sawdust, we may well convince ourselves that a little won’t hurt
too much, and a little less real spiritual food won’t be missed. Then, over
time, the proportion of sawdust increases while the oats gradually
disappear. Before long, the change is complete, and our starved,
sawdust-stuffed spiritual life has collapsed.
Thomas Guthrie addressed the subtle and deceptive nature of
backsliding writing that...
If you find yourself loving any pleasure more than your prayers, any book
better than the Bible, any house better than the house of the Lord, any
table better than the Lord's table, any persons better than Christ, or any
indulgence better than the hope of heaven — be alarmed.
Ernest Plant pithily explains the roots of backsliding...
Backsliding is caused by slack abiding
C H Spurgeon warns all
backsliders...
It is dangerous to backslide in any degree, for we know not to what may
lead. It may be hard going forward, but it is worse going back.
With deep repentance and sincere faith,
find your way back from your backsliding. It is your duty, for you have
turned away from Him whom you professed to serve. It is your wisdom, for you
cannot strive against Him and prosper. It is your immediate necessity, for
what He has done is nothing compared to what He may do in the way of
chastisement, since He is Almighty to punish.
Backsliders begin with dusty Bibles and end with filthy garments.
D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones speaks of the tragedy of backsliding observing
that...
The backslider is a man who, because of relationship to God, never really
enjoys anything else.
Donald Grey Barnhouse once said that...
Withering is a slow process, barely perceptible at first either to one who
is being withered or to those who look on.
Vance Havner described revival
as...
Revivals should not be necessary. God
never meant that His people should live by fits and starts in alternate
periods of backsliding and repenting. But since we have such "malarial"
Christianity (a fever and a chill, a fever and a chill) we shall have need
of revivals. If we walked with God and kept ourselves prayed up, it would
not be necessary to call in preachers every six months to stir up the
church. If we had more "vival" we would not need re‑vival. We would live in
normal spiritual health all the time without shots in the arm twice a year.
Havner also said...
Taking it easy is often the prelude to backsliding. Comfort precedes
collapse.
We are so subnormal that if we ever became normal people would think we were
abnormal.
The Puritan writer William Gurnall rightly said that...
A declining Christian must needs be a doubting Christian
F B Meyer in a devotional on Psalm
1 alludes to backsliding, writing that...
THE BLESSED, or Happy, man is described
negatively (Psa1:1). There is a gradation in the attitude, the sphere of
influence, and the condition of his companions. In attitude, we may begin by
walking, advance to standing, and end by sitting. If we would avoid the
sitting, let us guard against walking or standing. In the sphere of
influence, the beginning of backsliding is when a man listens to counsel; he
then drifts into the path trodden by sinners, and finally is hardened enough
to sit where scornful talk surrounds him on every hand. The condition of
evil companions. We should be repelled if we were to be plunged suddenly
into contact with the scornful, but our moral interests may not be specially
outraged by the counsel of the wicked. Indeed, the advice which wicked men
give sometimes resembles closely what our heart suggests and our taste
prefers. It is so specious, so apparently sensible and natural, that we are
captivated by it. Only gradually do we slide from those who forget God to
those who set His law at defiance or openly blaspheme Him. (F B Meyer. Our
Daily Walk, May 11)
William Jenkyn warned that...
God will preserve you in your ways, not in your wanderings.
F B Meyer in a devotional
discusses the causes of backsliding, noting that...
THE CAUSES of backsliding are many. We
have pretended to be living a more devoted life than was actually the case;
we neglected to watch unto prayer; we allowed secret sin to eat out the
heart of our piety, 'as the white ant works destruction in the East; or we
yielded to temptation, and then sought to justify ourselves against the
remonstrances (earnest presentations of reasons for opposition or grievance)
of conscience; or we yielded to the fear of man, and drifted with the
multitude to do evil; or we became prosperous, and trusted only in our
wealth; or poor, and succumbed to covetousness and | |