Ruth 3:1-3

 

 

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Ruth 3:1 Then Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, "My daughter, shall I not seek security for you, that it may be well with you? (NASB: Lockman)

BBE: And Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, My daughter, am I not to get you a resting-place where you may be in comfort?
CEV: One day, Naomi said to Ruth: It's time I found you a husband, who will give you a home and take care of you.
GWT: Naomi, Ruth's mother-in-law, said to her, "My daughter, shouldn't I try to look for a home that would be good for you?
KJV: Then Naomi her mother in law said unto her, My daughter, shall I not seek rest for thee, that it may be well with thee?
NJB: Her mother-in-law Naomi then said, 'Daughter, is it not my duty to see you happily settled?
TEV: Some time later Naomi said to Ruth, “I must find a husband for you, so that you will have a home of your own
Young's Literal
: And Naomi her mother-in-law saith to her, 'My daughter, do not I seek for thee rest, that it may be well with thee?

Septuagint (LXX): eipen de aute Noemin e penthera autes thugater ou me zeteso (1SAAS) soi anapausin hina eu genetai (3SAMS) soi 

English of Septuagint: And she lodged with her mother-in-law: and Noemin her mother-in-law said to her, My daughter, shall I not seek rest for thee, that it may be well with thee

REFERENCES ON RUTH

Albert Barnes
Kay Arthur
Thomas Constable
Adam Clarke
Bob Deffinbaugh
Discovery Pub.
Warren Dodd
Don Fortner
Max Frazier
David Guzik
Matthew Henry
Selwyn Hughes
Jamieson, F, B
Middletown Bible
Net Bible
PathLight
John Piper
David Reed
Ray Stedman
Richard Strauss
Joe Temple
Joe Temple
Joe Temple
Steve Zeisler
Steve Zeisler

Ruth 3
Ruth: Kinsman Redeemer, Part 1; Part 2

Ruth 3
Ruth 3
Ruth: A Light in Dark Days
Ruth Booklet
Ruth 3:1-6
Ruth 3:1-18 Ruth Comes To Boaz
Ruth 3    
Ruth 3

Ruth 3
Ruth 3:1, Ruth 3:2, Ruth 3:3

Ruth 3
Ruth Notes
Ruth 3: Net Bible Notes
Ruth 3 
Ruth 3: Strategic Righteousness 
Ruth 3:1-9: Audio plus notes
Ruth: The Romance of Redemption
Ruth: Two to Get Ready: Story of Boaz & Ruth
Ruth 3: Ruth Resting
Ruth: Kinsman Redeemer Pt 1; Part 2; Part 3
Ruth: The Ability to Redeem - Pt 1;
Part 2
Ruth 3:1-4:22: Your God Is Too Small
Ruth 3-4 Fellow Heirs Of The Grace Of Life

THEN NAOMI HER MOTHER IN LAW SAID TO HER:

As we have turned the pages of this short story, it was first Naomi and then Boaz who claimed our attention. Now we turn to Ruth, the one after whom the book is named, the young poverty-stricken widow from Moab who was to become a renowned in Israel and an ancestress of Jesus Christ. Remember that everything of eternal significance began when she made the momentous decision in the fields of Moab to follow her mother-in-law back to Bethlehem-Judah.

"Then" is a time phrase which should always prompt the question of the diligent inductive student "When is 'then'"? In this case we are not told exactly how much time lapsed between the closing of chapter 2 and Naomi's question to Ruth in this verse. We are told that Boaz is threshing suggesting that we are at the end of the barley harvest, which would be about 4 weeks after Ruth and Boaz first met.

It is clear however that during the weeks of the barley and wheat harvests, Naomi had time to put her plan together. When the time was right she acted. It was customary for Hebrew parents to arrange marriages for their children (Gen 24:3-4; 34:4,note Jdg 14:1-10 ).

SHALL I NOT SEEK SECURITY THAT IT MAY BE WELL WITH YOU?: (note
Ruth 1:9; 1Co 7:36; 1 Ti 5:8 5:14) (Ge 40:14; Dt 4:40; Ps 128:2; Jer 22:15 16

"shall I not seek rest for thee" (KJV)

"do not I seek for thee rest" (YLT)

"My daughter, should I not try to find a home for you" (NIV)

"My daughter, it's time that I found a permanent home for you, so that you will be provided for" (NLT)

"My daughter, shouldn't I try to look for a home that would be good for you?" (GWT)

"Daughter, is it not my duty to see you happily settled?" (NJB)

"My daughter, am I not to get you a resting-place where you may be in comfort?" (BBE)

"I must find a husband for you, so that you will have a home of your own" (TEV)

"My daughter, I must find a home for you so you will be secure" (NET)

Naomi is saying in essence "I seek for you a happy future". The idiomatic, negated rhetorical question is equivalent to an affirmation.

Seek (01245) (baqas/baqash) conveys the idea of an earnest seeking after something with the full intention that the object sought be found  or acquired.

Naomi felt responsible for Ruth’s future husband and home. Naomi was no longer depressed, but had now in a positive sense become a "matchmaker, matchmaker" (from the tune in the wonderful musical "Fiddler On the Roof" which is highly recommended), and was preparing Ruth to seek the love of her willing kinsman-redeemer, Boaz. Naomi's motive was unselfish for she knew that if Ruth remained an unprotected widow in a foreign land, life could go very hard for her. The turning point in the narrative is at hand.

Paul wrote that he wanted

"younger widows to get married, bear children, keep house, and give the enemy no occasion for reproach." (1Ti 5:14)

"Security" (04494) (manowach) is derived from a root (nuah/nuach) which signifies absence of movement and thus pictures one being quietly settled in a particular place with the presence of security as when

"the ark rested (nuah/nuach) upon the mountains of Ararat" (Ge 8:4).

In contrast

"the dove found no resting (manowach) place for the sole of her foot" (Ge 8:9)

Naomi seeks a place of tranquility and repose for the maiden from Moab. Earlier (see note Ruth 1:9) Naomi had prayed for Ruth to experience rest -

"May the LORD grant that you may find rest (04496 = related word - menuchah = resting place, rest, quiet, a place where peace and trust are present)

God was answering Naomi's prayer more

"exceeding abundantly beyond all that (she could) ask or think" (sermon Ep 3:20). 

Has God ever surprised you with an answer so much more than you even thought possible? Rest assured that Jehovah "delights in the prosperity of His servant" (Ps 35:27) and "in those who fear Him, who put their hope in His unfailing love." (Ps 147:11, NIV)

"Rest" as used in this context implies the security and benefits that are to be found in a godly marriage as discussed below. The Greek word used to translate manowach is anapausis which means to refresh, give rest or permit one to cease from labor in order to recover and collect their strength. Jesus' great invitation uses two forms of this word

"Come to Me, all who are weary and heavy-laden, and I will give you rest (anapauo, the verb) Take My yoke upon you, and learn from Me, for I am gentle and humble in heart; and you shall find rest (anapausis, the noun) for your souls."  (Mt 11:28-29)

Believers are the bride of Christ and in covenant with Him, the one of Whom "Boaz" foretold and in Whom we find our eternal rest and security.

"Rest" (manowach) also implies a state of contentment and satisfaction as alluded to by the psalmist:

"Be at rest (manowach) once more, O my soul, for the LORD has been good to you." (Ps 116:7, NIV)

As alluded to above, Ruth 3:1 provides a fascinating "commentary" on the ideal state of marriage, which when entered into within God’s will, is the closest earthly approximation to rest which a human being can enjoy, for ideally a godly marriage fixes and composes the affections for life. How unlike most marriages in our modern low commitment society. Is your marriage a blessed rest or a restless battle? A married state is, or should be, a state of rest where "youthful lusts" are forsaken, wandering affections are fixed on one's beloved, and one's heart is thus at rest. Naomi seeks Ruth's rest in the house and heart of her husband, who she hopes to be Boaz.

Hubbard  observes that...

“A significant theological point emerges here. Earlier Naomi had wished for these same things (see note Ruth 1:8; 1:9). Here human means (i.e., Naomi’s plan) carry out something previously understood to be in Yahweh’s province. In response to providentially given opportunity, Naomi began to answer her own prayer! Thus she models one way in which divine and human actions work together: believers are not to wait passively for events to happen; rather, they must seize the initiative when an opportunity presents itself. They assume that God presents the opportunity.” (Hubbard, R: The Book of Ruth. New International Commentary on the Old Testament series. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1988 )

McGee writes

"Life in the presence of penury could not have been pleasant for the maid from Moab, but there is not a scintilla of suggestion that she ever complained. She had cast her lot with Naomi on the side of God, and she abode with fortitude in her decision. The mother heart of Naomi went out to her daughter-in-law, and she sought for her a place of rest. This could only be attained in the quiet shelter of a godly home, where some strong man protected Ruth from the stormy winds of a harsh world." (McGee, J. V. Ruth and Esther: Women of Faith. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers)

Roy Hession applies these truth to the believer's life writing...

When Ruth told her mother-in-law that the name of the man in whose field she had been gleaning was Boaz, I like to think that Naomi suddenly sat bolt upright... We, too, need a like revelation of the right vested in the Lord Jesus for us, if we are to be emboldened to put in our plea for the full redemption that grace has for us. We need to see that the One who has been showing us such undeserved favours ever since we took our place as gleaners in His field has more and is more. We need to see that Jesus is our nearest Kinsman, with the right to redeem both ourselves and our situation, a right acquired through the mighty sufficiency of His blood. The Son of man has the right on earth to forgive sins, and more, to redeem and overrule for ultimate good the very losses occasioned by our sin. And it is all based on blood, in the shedding of which all blame attaching to us was anticipated and extinguished.

With that vision of the blood must go a new vision of grace—that our very lacks, faults and failures are our qualifications for what grace provides, in the same way that Ruth had to see that her poverty and widowhood were the very things that qualified her for a redeemer. The lines of John Newton's hymn,

Thou tallest burdened souls to Thee,
And such, O Lord, am I,
Always give me afresh, as I sing them,
This vision of grace.

They show me that Jesus specialises in burdened souls and calls such to Him, and that being the case, I qualify, `for such, 0 Lord, am I.' Our situations of need are not our disqualification as the Devil would have us to believe, but are in fact, if duly acknowledged, our only qualification to be blessed, which means we are just the case for Him. A new vision of the blood of Christ and the grace of God, then, is all important if we want to make the same daring claim on our nearest Kinsman, as Ruth made on hers. So do yourself the luxury of hearing again and again this sweet Gospel; and if it does not seem to come always from the pulpit, then start preaching it to your heart yourself, until at last you have the boldness to lie at the feet of your Kinsman with great confidence as to what He will do for you. (Hession, Roy: Our Nearest Kinsman: The Message of Redemption and Revival in the Book of Ruth. Christian Literature Crusade. 1976)

 

Ruth 3:2 "Now is not Boaz our kinsman, with whose maids you were? Behold, he winnows barley at the threshing floor tonight. (NASB: Lockman)

KJV: And now is not Boaz of our kindred, with whose maidens thou wast? Behold, he winnoweth barley to night in the threshing floor.
CEV: You have been picking up grain alongside the women who work for Boaz, and you know he is a relative of ours. Tonight he will be threshing the grain.
BBE: And now, is there not Boaz, our relation, with whose young women you were? See, tonight he is separating the grain from the waste in his grain-floor.
GWT: Isn't Boaz, whose young women you've been working with, our relative? He will be separating the barley from its husks on the threshing floor tonight.
NJB: And Boaz, the man with whose work-women you were, is he not our kinsman? Tonight he will be winnowing the barley on the threshing-floor.
Young's Literal: and now, is not Boaz of our acquaintance, with whose young women thou hast been? lo, he is winnowing the threshing-floor of barley to-night,

Septuagint (LXX): kai nun ouchi Boos gnorimos hemon ou en meta ton korasion autou idou autos likma ton halona ton krithon taute te nukti 

English of Septuagint: And now is not Booz our kinsman, with whose damsels thou wast? behold, he winnows barley this night in the floor

AND NOW IS NOT BOAZ OUR KINSMAN WITH WHOSE MAIDS YOU WERE?: (note Ruth 2:19-23; Heb 2:11-14)  (note Ruth 2:8-11; 2:23)

The Net Bible note states that the phrase

"Is not Boaz our close relative, with whose female servants you were?” is an "idiomatic, negated rhetorical question...equivalent to an affirmation and has thus been translated in the affirmative" as "Now Boaz, with whose female servants you worked, is our close relative."  (NET Bible)

The introductory word regularly introduces a logical step in an argument, often a consequence or a conclusion; the particle

“falls back on the past and, making deductions from that, seeks to draw the consequences for the situation in the present or the future.”

"Our" is plural feminine genitive of "ego" in the Septuagint therefore translated "our" not "my", affirming Ruth's right of claim on TWO SEPARATE MOSAIC LAWS laws, one governing widowhood ( Dt 25:5 25:6) referred to as the "LAW OF LEVIRATE [brother-in-law] MARRIAGE" and a second governing the redemption of the property of one who was too poor to redeem it themselves & this involved the wonderful truth about the KINSMAN-REDEEMER (Lev 25:10, 13-16, 24-28).

The custom of Levirate marriage actually antedated the Mosaic law being seen as early as Ge 38 (Tamar seducing her father-in-law Judah because his sons had not fathered a son to perpetuate their dead brother's name & for failure to do so God killed them) viz., that if an Israelite who had been married died without children, it was the duty of his brother to marry the widow, that is to say, his sister-in-law, that he might establish his brother's name in Israel, by begetting a son through his sister-in-law, who should take the name of the deceased brother, that his name might not become extinct in Israel. This son was then the legal heir of the landed property of the deceased uncle (cf. Dt 25:5ff). These two institutions are not connected together in the Mosaic law; nevertheless it was a very natural thing to place the Levirate duty in connection with the right of redemption.

"Kinsman" (04130) (mowda'ath) means relative or kinsman. Without going into the grammatical details, note that in the original Hebrew sentence construction
kinsman is given considerable stress by a reversal of normal sentence order.

Naomi may have interpreted Boaz's kindness to Ruth that allowed her to work alongside his maidservants as an indication of a favorable disposition on his part toward Ruth and possibly a willingness to do the kinsman's part.

Bertheau wrote that

"The modest man even in the middle of the night did not hesitate for a moment what it was his duty to do with regard to the young maiden (or rather woman) towards whom he felt already so strongly attached; he made his own personal inclinations subordinate to the traditional custom, and only when this permitted him to marry Ruth was he ready to do so. And not knowing whether she might not have to become the wife of the nearer goël, he was careful for her and her reputation, in order that he might hand her over unblemished to the man who had the undoubted right to claim her as his wife."

BEHOLD HE WINNOWS BARLEY:

"Behold" (02009) (hinneh) is an interjection demanding attention and could be translated something like "look!" "see!" Most often hinneh was used to point out people.

"
He winnows" (02219) (zarah) conveys the basic thought of stirring up the air to produce a scattering and spreading effect.

Winnowing in Palestine consisted of throwing the mixture of straw, chaff, and grain up into the wind by means of a fork with large teeth. The worthless chaff was blown away from the winnower, the straw less far, while the valuable heavier kernels of grain fell back onto the threshing floor. The separation is the result of a breeze that usually blows off the Mediterranean from 4-5PM until sunset. The wind however must not be too strong, for then even the heavy valuable portions of the grain would be blown away with the lighter chaff. In summer the west wind blows very strongly in the afternoon but drops off in the evening, so that the evening hours provide the most desirable wind conditions. To best take advantage of this natural (divine providence) phenomenon the threshing floors were usually on elevated parcels ground with a hard packed surface.

And understanding of the typical threshing floor accentuates how fearful Gideon (who the angel of the LORD called a "valiant warrior" - see note Judges 6:12) must have been, for Scripture records that

"the angel of the LORD (OT manifestation of Jesus) came and sat under the oak that was in Ophrah...as...Gideon was beating out wheat in the wine press in order to save it from the Midianites." (see note Judges 6:11)

There is not much breeze in the lower elevation of the typical wine press! This was just fine with Gideon who did not want the exposure associated more elevated threshing floor.

"Barley"  (08184) (se'orah) actually means “a hairy or bristling thing” so called because of the rough and prickly beard covering the ears. In threshing, the grain was beaten out from the stalks with flails (cf. note Ruth 2:17) or was trodden over by oxen. Then in winnowing the grain was thrown in the air and the wind carried the chaff away. The grain was then removed from the threshing floor and placed in heaps to be sold or stored in granaries. Threshing and winnowing were a time of great festivity and rejoicing. Naomi knew (HOW DID NAOMI KNOW?) that Boaz was threshing his grain on the day that she had chosen for her plan. She also knew that Boaz would be sleeping near his grain that night, to protect it.

AT THE THRESHING FLOOR TONIGHT

The threshing floor (01637) itself was usually located outside town in a place where the prevailing west wind could be used to advantage.

The root meaning of the Hebrew word for “thresh” is “to trample,” which comes from this second threshing practice of using oxen to trample the grain. The people of Bethlehem took turns using the threshing floor. The floor was a flat hard area on a slightly raised platform or hill.  When the winnowing was done, the farmer normally stayed with the grain at night, camping out on the threshing floor to ensure that the harvest was not stolen. Winnowing (tossing grain into the air to finish separating the grain from the chaff) normally occurred in late afternoon when the Mediterranean winds prevailed. Sifting and bagging the grain would have carried over past dark and Boaz may have remained all night to guard the grain from theft.
 

THRESHING-FLOOR
(Modified from ISBE)

The threshing-floors (click below to enlarge picture of ancient threshing floor) are constructed in the fields, preferably in an exposed position in order to get the full benefit of the winds. If there is a danger of marauders they are clustered together close to the village. The floor is a level, circular area 25 to 40 ft. in diameter, prepared by first picking out the stones, and then wetting the ground, tamping or rolling it, and finally sweeping it. A border of stones usually surrounds the floor to keep in the grain. The sheaves of grain which have been brought on the backs of men, donkeys, camels, or oxen, are heaped on this area, and the process of tramping out begins. In some localities several animals, commonly oxen or donkeys, are tied abreast and driven round and round the floor. In other places two oxen are yoked together to a drag, the bottom of which is studded with pieces of basaltic stone. This drag, on which the driver, and perhaps his family, sits or stands, is driven in a circular path over the grain. In still other districts an instrument resembling a wheel harrow is used, the antiquity of which is confirmed by the Egyptian records. The supply of unthreshed grain is kept in the center of the floor. Some of this is pulled down from time to time into the path of the animals. All the while the partly threshed grain is being turned over with a fork. The stalks gradually become broken into short pieces and the husks about the grain are torn off. This mixture of chaff and grain must now be winnowed. This is done by tossing it into the air so that the wind may blow away the chaff. When the chaff is gone then the grain is tossed in a wooden tray to separate from it the stones and lumps of soil which clung to the roots when the grain was reaped. The difference in weight between the stones and grain makes separation by this process possible. The grain is now poled in heaps and in many localities is also sealed. This process consists in pressing a large wooden seal against the pile. When the instrument is removed it leaves an impression which would be destroyed should any of the grain be taken away. This allows the government offers to keep account of the tithes and enables the owner to detect any theft of grain. Until the wheat is transferred to bags some one sleeps by the pries on the threshing-floor. If the wheat is to be stored for home consumption it is often first washed with water and spread out on goats' hair mats to dry before it is stored in the wall compartments found in every house. Formerly the wheat was ground only as needed. This was then a household task which was accomplished with the hand-mill or mortar

Threshing floors have come into prominence because of the Biblical events which occurred on or near them.

1) Joseph with his kinsmen and Egyptian followers halted for seven days at the threshing-floor of Atad to lament the death of Jacob (Genesis 50:10). Probably there was a group of floors furnishing a convenient spot for a caravan to stop. Travelers today welcome the sight of a threshing-floor at their halting-place. The hard, level spot is a much preferable to the surrounding stony fields for their tents.

2) David built an altar on Ornan's (Araunah's) threshing-floor (2Sa 24:18-24; 1Chr 21:18-27), which later became the site of the Temple (2Chr 3:1). David probably chose this place for his altar because it was on an elevation, and the ground was already level and prepared by rolling.

3) Uzzah died near the threshing-floor of Nacon for touching the ark (2Sa 6:6).

4) Ruth reveals herself to Boaz on his threshing-floor (see note Ruth 3:6-7, Ruth 3:8-9).

Threshing-floors are in danger of being robbed (1Sa 23:1). For this reason, someone always sleeps on the floor until the grain is removed (Ruth 3:7). In Syria, at the threshing season, it is customary for the family to move out to the vicinity of the threshing-floor. A booth is constructed for shade; the mother prepares the meals and takes her turn with the father and children at riding on the sledge.

The instruments of the threshing-floor referred to in 2 Sa 24:22 were probably:

(1) the wooden sledge

(2) the fan (fork) for separating straw from wheat

(3) shovel for tossing the wheat into the air in winnowing

(4) broom, for sweeping the floor between threshing and for collecting the wheat after winnowing

(5) goad

(6) the yoke

(7) sieve

(8) dung catcher

"Tonight" (03915) (layil from from lul = a twisting away of the light) is a picture of the time of day when the light “holds back” and darkness sets in. Whatever Boaz's motive may have been for spending the night at the threshing floor, his presence there reveals an unpretentious man, one who enjoyed all aspects of life associated with the land. The simple manners of Boaz and his times are here before us. This "mighty man of wealth" assists personally in the winnowing of his barley.

 

Ruth 3:3  Wash yourself therefore, and anoint yourself and put on your best clothes, and go down to the threshing floor; but do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking (NASB: Lockman)

BBE: So take a bath, and, after rubbing your body with sweet oil, put on your best robe, and go down to the grain-floor; but do not let him see you till he has come to the end of his meal.
CEV
: Now take a bath and put on some perfume, then dress in your best clothes. Go where he is working, but don't let him see you until he has finished eating and drinking.  (
CEV)
GWT: Freshen up, put on some perfume, dress up, and go down to the threshing floor. Don't let him know that you're there until he's finished eating and drinking.  (
GWT)
KJV
: Wash thy self therefore, and anoint thee, and put thy raiment upon thee, and get thee down to the floor: but make not thyself known unto the man, until he shall have done eating and drinking.
NJB: So wash and perfume yourself, put on your cloak and go down to the threshing-floor. Don't let him recognise you while he is still eating and drinking.
Young's Literal
: and thou hast bathed, and anointed thyself, and put thy garments upon thee, and gone down to the threshing-floor; let not thyself be known to the man till he complete to eat and to drink;

Septuagint (LXX):  su de louse (2SFMI) kai aleipse (2SFMI) kai perithesein (2SFAI) ton himatismon sou epi seaute kai anabese (2SFMI) epi ton alo me gnoristho (2SAPS) to andri eos ou suntelesai (AAN) auton piein (AAN) kai phagein (AAN)

English of Septuagint: But do thou wash, and anoint thyself, and put thy raiment upon thee, and go up to the threshing-floor: do not discover thyself to the man until he has done eating and drinking

WASH YOURSELF AND ANOINT YOURSELF AND PUT ON YOUR BEST CLOTHES: (Mt 6:17)

"Wash" (
07364) (rachats) is translated in the Greek Septuagint with louo which normally referred to bathing your entire body (Jn 3:10)

"Anoint yourself" (05480)  (cuk or suk) describes the ordinary physical process of anointing the body which in the ancient orient was usually with olive oil (Dt 28:40) particularly after bathing (2Sa 12:20) and especially for its fragrant effect. There were no supermarkets selling deodorants in those days. Thus in the hot Palestine climate olive oil or other ointment was used by the Jews to anoint themselves after bathing in order to give the skin and hair a smooth and comely appearance. It is interesting that the Jews had the custom of rubbing the head with oil or ointment at feasts in token of joy thus this verb is also used as a symbol of gladness. For example in 2 Samuel we read that

"Joab sent to Tekoa and brought a wise woman from there and said to her, "Please pretend to be a mourner, and put on mourning garments now, and do not anoint yourself with oil, but be like a woman who has been mourning for the dead many days." (2 Sa 14:2) In we read that provides "oil to make (one's) face shine." (NIV) (Ps104:15)

Solomon records in the context of verses on "happiness" and "joy" to "let not oil be lacking on your head (NLT paraphrases this latter as "with a dash of cologne"!)."  Note that Naomi did not tell her to make herself up like evil Jezebel who "painted her eyes" (2 Ki 9:30)

 From the NT, we know that anointing was a mark of hospitality for Jesus

"You did not anoint My head with oil, but she anointed My feet with perfume."  (Lk 7:46). 

Solomon records that 

"Oil and perfume make the heart glad, so a man's counsel is sweet to his friend," (Pr 27:9)

ANOINT
(Modified from ISBE)

Refers to a very general practice in the East. It originated from the relief from the effect of the sun that was experienced in rubbing the body with oil or grease. Among rude people the common vegetable or animal fat was used. As society advanced and refinement became a part of civilization, delicately perfumed ointments were used for this purpose. Other reasons soon obtained for this practice than that stated above. Persons were anointed for health (