IF ANYONE THINKS HIMSELF TO BE
RELIGIOUS: Ei tis dokei (3SPAI) threskos einai, (PAN): (Pr 14:12; 16:25; Lk 8:18; 1Co
3:18; Ga
2:6,9; 6:3)
In context
recall that James has just rebuked hearing of the Word that does not
lead to doing of the Word. Now, in a similar way, he rebukes religion
that is external and for show, with religion that is internal and real
in God's assessment, for it reflects a genuine change in one's heart
or inner life. In this verse James describes an individual whose
religious thinking and real speaking are discordant, self deceptive
and futile, reflecting this individual's lack of internal heart
control, for out the mouth comes that which fills the heart! (cp Mt
15:18, 19, 20). Then in next verse James goes on to contrast the
worthless religion in Jas 1:26, giving two practical examples of
personal application of God's Word which are a clear demonstration of
pure and undefiled religion in the sight of our God and Father.
Hiebert
sums up this section of James as...
Faith Tested by Its Response to
the Word of God (Jas 1:19–27) Since God’s Word is the means of
regeneration (Jas 1:18), a right response to the Word is appropriately
presented as the initial test of a vital faith. For the believer to
accept regeneration through the Word is one thing; to permit the Word
to work spiritual maturity in him is another. The necessary response
is threefold: eagerness to hear it, restraint on any premature
reaction, bridling of any angry rejection (Jas 1:19, 20). Before the
Word can have full sway in the believer’s life, he must remove all
that hinders its operation (Jas 1:21). Acceptance of the Word must be
followed by persistent obedience to the Word (Jas 1:22–27). Hearing
must be followed by active obedience; otherwise the hearing is useless
(Jas 1:22, 23, 24, 25). But obedience to the Word is more than mere
observance of outward forms of “religion” (church attendance, rote
prayers, participation in the rites of religion) without the
development of inner power to control the tongue (Jas 1:26). True
obedience to the Word must reveal itself in beneficent social activity
and stimulate personal self-control and purity in separation from
worldly contamination (Jas 1:27). (The
Unifying Theme of James - Excellent overview
)
Pastor Cole
observes that...
In James 1:21, he talked about
receiving “the word implanted, which is able to save your souls.” In
James 1:22-27, he goes on to emphasize doing the word. In Jas 1:22-24,
he shows that hearing the word without doing it leads to deception. He
illustrates this in Jas 1:26 with the man who claims to be religious,
but who does not bridle his tongue. He deceives himself and his
religion is worthless. In Jas 1:25, he shows that hearing the word
accompanied by doing it leads to blessing. He illustrates this with
two examples in Jas 1:27: caring for orphans and widows; and, keeping
oneself unstained by the world.
James gives an example of someone
who hears the word, but does not do it and so deceives himself. This
man thinks that he is religious. “Religious” (and “religion”) are
infrequently used words in the New Testament. James uses them here
because he is describing a man who prides himself in the outward
trappings of the faith, but who is not applying it to his heart. He is
a religious Jew who now professes faith in Christ, but like many of
the Jews, his religion is a matter of pride and outward performance.
He prays, he fasts, he tithes, he goes through all of the rituals, but
in James’ example, he doesn’t bridle his tongue. James says that this
man deceives his own heart and his religion is worthless. James will
deal more with the tongue in chapter 3, but it can encompass a
multitude of sins: lying, half-truths, slander, gossip, angry words,
hateful words, cursing, telling filthy jokes or stories, and much
more. The Bible has very specific and practical commands on each of
these areas. If you profess to follow Christ, but don’t apply the
Bible to your speech, you’re fooling yourself if you think that you’re
religious. Your religion is worthless and your profession is empty. (James 1:22-27 Doers
of the Word)
If (1487)
(ei) is a first class conditional conjunction which assumes
that there is actually such an individual who considers himself
religious. That
couldn't be me or you could it, beloved?
Hiebert draws an slight distinction in James' description of this
person, noting that...
The picture is not that of a
conscious hypocrite but of a self-deceived religionist.
Solomon
wrote of similar self deception
There is a way which seems right to
a man, but its end is the way of death. (Pr 14:12 cp Pr 16:25)
Paul adds
that the warning ...
Let no man deceive
himself (present
imperative
+ negative = command to stop deceiving one's self. Implication = he is
being self deceived!). If any man among you thinks that he is wise in
this age, let him become foolish that he may become wise (Ed:
In context he becomes wise by seeking and receiving godly wisdom,
which this present evil age regards as foolishness!) (1Cor 3:18)
In a parallel
warning in the context of bearing one another's burdens ("real
religion" in the sight of God and men!) Paul said...
Bear
(present
imperative
= command to make this one's lifestyle or habitual practice.) one
another's (Ed: The word "one another" is first in the Greek
sentence to add emphasis! Real religion reaches outward away from
self!) burdens, and thus fulfill the law of Christ. For if anyone
thinks he is something when he is nothing, he deceives himself. (Gal
6:2, 3)
Comment:
Whose burden have you borne
recently? Or ask another way, how long has it been since you've borne
a brother or sister's burden even in a simple way by an encouraging
phone call, an unexpected visit, an offer to aid physically,
emotionally or financially? Beloved, redeem the time while today is
still called today! This is real religion in the sight of God and men!
In Romans in the
context of expressing one's spiritual gifts ("real religion") in the
body of Christ, Paul sounded the alarm that...
through the grace given to me I say
to every man among you (Ed: no believers excluded here) not to think
more highly of himself than he ought to think; but to think so as to
have sound judgment, as God has allotted to each a measure of faith.
(Ro 12:3-note)
Anyone
(5100)
(tis) is a reference to someone, anyone, a certain one.
Thinks
(1380)
(dokeo) means to suppose or presume. To be of the opinion.
Dokeo reflects the subjective mental estimate or opinion about some
matter, in this case one's state of personal "religiosity". The
present tense
pictures this
self deceived individual
continually forming the opinion that he or she is religious.
And it is important to remember that when a person is deceived, by
definition they don't even know it! It's like walking around with food
on your face until you spouse reaches up and wipes the crumbs off your
lips. Another solution to reveal the "food on face" stigma is to look
in the mirror, and by analogy, that is also the solution for "religion
on one's face" (so to speak), the mirror of course being God's Word of
Truth which reveals our true condition for it looks not only at the
external actions but the internal attitudes, at the motives of our
heart. Paul recalls this searching/cleansing/edifying action of the
Word of God writing that...
All Scripture is inspired by God
(Read the Bible as if God were speaking to you. He is!) and profitable
for teaching (what is right), for reproof (what is not right), for
correction (how to get right), for training in righteousness (how to
stay right), that (What is the purpose for looking/hearing and doing
the Word?) the man of God may be adequate (completely qualified in
everything one is called to be or do and thus able to meet all the
demands), equipped (This word pictures the saint who is completely
outfitted, fully furnished, fully supplied) for every good work. (2Ti
3:16, 17-note)
Vincent
notes that...
A man can scarcely seem to be
religious, when, as Trench observes, “his religious pretensions are
belied and refuted by the allowance of an unbridled tongue.” (James 1: Greek Word Studies)
To
be (1511)
(einai) is the
present tense
of eimi
= continuous action (or in this case "thinking")
Religious
(2357)
(threskos which some say derives from threomai = to
tremble, whereas more modern scholars link it with therap- = to
serve) is used only in this verse and describes the individual who is
preoccupied with religious observances.
Rogers
has this note on threskos, used only here in Scripture...
The word denotes the scrupulous
observance of religious exercise, in action or words, sincerely or
hypocritically performed in the guise of devout religion. The word
describes one who stands in awe of the gods and is tremendously
scrupulous in regard to them.
(Rogers,
C L - originally by Fritz Rienecker: New Linguistic and Exegetical Key
to the Greek New Testament. Zondervan. 1998)
Vincent
observes that threskos is used...
Only here in New Testament, and
nowhere in classical Greek. The kindred noun threskeia, religion,
occurs Acts 26:5; Col 2:18-note;
Jas 1:26, 27; and means the ceremonial service of religion. Herodotus
(2:37) uses it of various observances practised by the Egyptian
priests, such as wearing linen, circumcision, shaving, etc. The
derivation is uncertain. Threomai, to mutter forms of prayer, has been
suggested, as the followers of Wycliffe were called
Lollards,
from the old Dutch lullen or lollen, to sing. Hence the adjective here
refers to a zealous and diligent performance of religious services. (James 1: Greek Word Studies)
Spurgeon
quips...
You know what that means; and there
are some who do seem to be wonderfully religious. Butter would not
melt in their mouths, as we say; they are so solemn
><>><>><>
Three Types of Dogs - Dr. A.
T. Schofield used to point out that there were three sorts of dogs in
his city of London: the wild, masterless dog that roamed the streets
at will, stole his meals from garbage pails, and often came to an
inglorious end in the lethal chamber of the humane society; the
chained dog, which could not be trusted for more than a few feet; and
the dog that knew and loved his master and responded obediently to his
voice. The first of these had liberty but no law; the second had law
but no liberty; whereas the last enjoyed the perfect law of liberty.
All men seem to be like one of these three dogs. The masses are
utterly lawless when it comes to the authority of God. They are
dominated by sin, and “sin is lawlessness” (1 John 3:4). And then,
there are many who are like the dog on the leash—they have law, but no
liberty. These are legalists in the religious realm. The cheerless
Pharisee is the representative of thousands who, “being ignorant of
God’s righteousness, and going about to establish their own
righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto the righteousness of
God” (Rom. 10:3). But the Christian who knows the truth of New
Testament deliverance is like the third dog. He needs no chain but is
guided by his Master’s eye and his Master’s voice. (C. Ernest Tatham,
from the book, “How May I.”, in Confident Living, January, 1988, p.
14)
AND YET DOES NOT BRIDLE HIS
TONGUE BUT DECEIVES HIS OWN HEART: me chalinagogon (PAPMSN)
glossan autou alla apaton (PAPMSN) kardian autou: (Bridle -
James 1:19; 3:2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Ps 32:9; 34:13; 39:1,2; 141:3; Pr
10:19,31; 13:2,3; 15:2; Pr 16:10; 19:1; 21:26; Ep 4:29; 5:4; Col 4:6;
1Pe 3:10) (Deceives - James 1:22; Deuteronomy 11:16; Isaiah 44:20;
Galatians 6:3)
Discretion in speech is better than
fluency of speech - Jamieson, F, B
Bridle
(5468)
(chalinagogeo from chalinos = a bridle + ago = to
lead) literally means to guide with a bridle. It signifies the picture of one leading or alternately restraining
by use of a bridle, in the present context the latter nuance being
emphasized. The
present tense
indicates continuous action. In other words, James describes the one
whose tongue is habitually unbridled! For anyone who has every
been around horses and put a bridle in the horse's mouth in order to
lead and guide this massive and powerful animal, the picture James
draws is indeed striking! It says a great deal about the power of this
little member of our body.
David...
I said, "I will guard my ways, That
I may not sin with my tongue; I will guard my mouth as with a muzzle,
While the wicked are in my presence." (Ps 39:1)
Spurgeon comments on this verse:
I said. I steadily resolved and registered a determination. In
his great perplexity his greatest fear was lest he should sin; and,
therefore, he cast about for the most likely method for avoiding it,
and he determined to be silent. It is right excellent when a man can
strengthen himself in a good course by the remembrance of a well and
wisely formed resolve. "What I have written I have written," or what I
have spoken I will perform, may prove a good strengthener to a man in
a fixed course of right.
Unguarded ways are
generally unholy ones.
Heedless is another word
for graceless
I will take heed to my ways.
To avoid sin one had need be very circumspect, and keep one's actions
as with a guard or garrison. Unguarded ways are generally unholy ones.
Heedless is another word for graceless. In times of sickness or other
trouble we must watch against the sins peculiar to such trials,
especially against murmuring and repining.
That I sin not with my tongue.
Tongue sins are great sins; like sparks of fire ill words spread, and
do great damage. If believers utter hard words of God in times of
depression, the ungodly will take them up and use them as a
justification for their sinful courses. If a man's own children rail
at him, no wonder if his enemies' mouths are full of abuse. Our tongue
always wants watching, for it is restive as an ill broken horse; but
especially must we hold it in when the sharp cuts of the Lord's rod
excite it to rebel.
I will keep my mouth with a
bridle, or more accurately, with a muzzle. The original does not
so much mean a bridle to check the tongue as a muzzle to stop it
altogether. David was not quite so wise as our translation would make
him; if he had resolved to be very guarded in his speech, it would
have been altogether commendable; but when he went so far as to
condemn himself to entire silence, "even from good," there must have
been at least a little sullenness in his soul. In trying to avoid one
fault, he fell into another. To use the tongue against God is a sin of
commission, but not to use it at all involves an evident sin of
omission. Commendable virtues may be followed so eagerly that we may
fall into vices; to avoid Scylla we run into Charybdis
(see
explanation).
While the wicked is before me.
This qualifies the silence, and almost screens it from criticism, for
bad men are so sure to misuse even our holiest speech, that it is as
well not to cast any of our pearls before such swine; but what if the
psalmist meant, "I was silent while I had the prosperity of the wicked
in my thoughts," then we see the discontent and questioning of his
mind, and the muzzled mouth indicates much that is not to be
commended. Yet, if we blame we must also praise, for the highest
wisdom suggests that when good men are bewildered with sceptical
thoughts, they should not hasten to repeat them, but should fight out
their inward battle upon its own battlefield. The firmest believers
are exercised with unbelief, and it would be doing the devil's work
with a vengeance if they were to publish abroad all their questionings
and suspicions. If I have the fever myself, there is no reason why I
should communicate it to my neighbours. If any on board the vessel of
my soul are diseased, I will put my heart in quarantine, and allow
none to go on shore in the boat of speech till I have a clean bill of
health.
Edward Reyner comments -
Man's mouth, though it be but a little hole, will hold a world full of
sin. For there is not any sin forbidden in the law or gospel which is
not spoken by the tongue, as well as thought in the heart, or done in
the life. Is it not then almost as difficult to rule the tongue as to
rule the world?
Here is James'
"handbook on tongue control"...
For we all stumble in many ways. If
anyone does not stumble in what he says, he is a perfect man, able to
bridle the whole body as well. 3 Now if we put the bits into the
horses' mouths so that they may obey us, we direct their entire body
as well.4 Behold, the ships also, though they are so great and are
driven by strong winds, are still directed by a very small rudder,
wherever the inclination of the pilot desires. 5 So also the tongue is
a small part of the body, and yet it boasts of great things. Behold,
how great a forest is set aflame by such a small fire! 6 And the
tongue is a fire, the very world of iniquity; the tongue is set among
our members as that which defiles the entire body, and sets on fire
the course of our life, and is set on fire by hell. 7 For every
species of beasts and birds, of reptiles and creatures of the sea, is
tamed, and has been tamed by the human race. 8 But no one can tame the
tongue; it is a restless evil and full of deadly poison. 9 With it we
bless our Lord and Father; and with it we curse men, who have been
made in the likeness of God; 10 from the same mouth come both blessing
and cursing. My brethren, these things ought not to be this way. 11
Does a fountain send out from the same opening both fresh and bitter
water? 12 Can a fig tree, my brethren, produce olives, or a vine
produce figs? Neither can salt water produce fresh. (James 3:2-12)
James ties what
we say to what/who we are in our innermost being, our control center
if you will, our heart. When the doctor examines us, one of the first
things he does to determine our physical condition is to say “Stick
out your tongue!” James is saying in a sense "Stick out your tongue so
I can assess the condition of your heart". This principle applies to
the life of the person whose religion is pure and undefiled, for the
tongue reveals what is in our heart. Inconsistent speech bears witness
to a divided heart (cp passages on whole versus divided
heart - 1Ki 8:61, 11:4, 15:3,14, 2Ki 20:3, 1Ch 12:38, 28:9, 29:19,
2Ch 15:17, 16:9, 19:9, 25:2), for it is “out of the abundance of the
heart” that the mouth speaks (Mt 12:34). “Out of the same mouth
proceed blessing and cursing,” James writes later in this same letter
and adds “My brethren, these things ought not so to be” (Jas 3:10).
It follows from
what James says and from each of our own experiences, that the tongue
is indeed a restless evil and full of deadly poison and cannot be
bridled. The question then arises is how can one practice pure
religion or religion "worth" anything in the eyes of God? James gives
part of the answer in the next verse. But in regard to the tongue the
answer of course is that tongue control is not possible in our natural
power but requires supernatural Holy Spirit power and amazing, life
transforming grace. As you have undoubtedly heard some pastor
articulate "The Christian life is not difficult...it's impossible!"
And so is tongue control, short of Spirit control. God's Holy Spirit
alone can enable a saint to bridle his tongue from unholy speech (cp
Eph 4:29-note,
where unwholesome speech = "rotten speech"!)
Tongue (1100)
(glossa) is literally an organ of the body used for taste and
also the pronunciation of words and thus is a metaphor for the act of
speaking.
The idea of one
"bridling" one's tongue is not uncommon in the Scriptures -
James 1:26; 3:8; 1Pe 3:10; Jdg. 7:5; Job 29:10; 33:2. See Pastor
Cole's message dealing with our tongue --
Transformed Talk
(or
Listen to)
Richard Wolfe
makes a good point observing that...
To guide the tongue, hold it in
check, restrain it, is a task so difficult that he who has the grace
to accomplish it has grace to accomplish anything. Such self-control
is a fruit of the Spirit (Gal 5:23-note).
(Wolfe, R: General Epistles of James and Jude)
Spurgeon writes
that...
If religion does not salt your
tongue, and keep it sweet, it has done nothing for you. If the doctor
wants to know the state of your health, he says, “Let me see your
tongue;” and there is no better test of the health of the mind than
to see what is on the tongue. When it gets furred up with unkind
words, when it turns black with blasphemy, when it is spotted with
lasciviousness, there is something very bad inside the heart, you may
be quite sure of that.
Albert Barnes has an
interesting comment on this verse writing that bridle...
Restrains or curbs it not, as a
horse is restrained with a bridle. There may have been some reason why
the apostle referred to this particular sin which is now unknown to
us; or he may perhaps have intended to select this as a specimen to
illustrate this idea, that if there is any one evil propensity which
religion does not control, or if there is any one thing in respect to
which its influence is not felt, whatever other evidences of piety
there may be, this will demonstrate that all those appearances of
religion are vain. For religion is designed to bring the whole man
under control, and to subdue every faculty of the body and mind to its
demands. If the tongue is not restrained, or if there is any unsubdued
propensity to sin whatever, it proves that there is no true religion.
The great Puritan author John
Bunyan's description of Talkative in The Pilgrim’s Progress
in an interesting commentary on Jas 1:26, 27...
FAITHFUL: Well, I see that
saying and doing are two things, and hereafter I shall better observe
this distinction.
CHRISTIAN: They are two things indeed, and are as diverse as
are the soul and the body; for, as the body without the soul is but a
dead carcass, so saying, if it be alone, is but a dead carcass also.
The soul of religion is the practical part. “Pure religion and
undefiled before God and the Father is this, to visit the fatherless
and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the
world.” James 1:27; see also Jas 1:22, 23,24, 25, 26. This,
Talkative is not aware of; he thinks that hearing and saying will
make a good Christian; and thus he deceives his own soul. Hearing is
but as the sowing of the seed; talking is not sufficient to prove that
fruit is indeed in the heart and life. And let us assure ourselves,
that at the day of doom men shall be judged according to their fruits.
Mt 13:23. It will not be said then, Did you believe? but, Were you
doers, or talkers only? and accordingly shall they be judged. The end
of the world is compared to our harvest, Mt 13:30, and you know men at
harvest regard nothing but fruit. Not that any thing can be accepted
that is not of faith; but I speak this to show you how insignificant
the profession of Talkative will be at that day.” (Ed: Bunyan
is not teaching "works based salvation" but that genuine salvation
works or bears fruit.) (Pilgrim's
Progress - Part I - The Fifth Stage)
R C Sproul writes that...
a true Christian keeps a tight rein
on the tongue. James will have much more to say about the tongue later
on, but here he seems to refer to people who continually prattle. They
say whatever pops into their head, without listening to or caring
about what others are telling them. They are too full of their own
self-important ideas. Such people are not open to the Word of God.
They are not open to those God has appointed as teachers in his
church. We must read the Scriptures ourselves, but we must also listen
to teachers, or the Bible will come to simply mirror our preconceived
ideas. The test of submission to the Word is openness to what is
taught by those appointed to teach the Bible in the church. A person
who is full of his own words will not be open to the words of others.
( Before the Face of God : Book Four)
R K Hughes writes that the
words of James 1:26...
is a spiritually terrifying
statement, to say the least, for it cuts like a hot knife through warm
butter, dissecting the cant and piety of the self-satisfied religious.
An out-of-control tongue suggests bogus religion, no matter how well
one’s devotion is carried out. The true test of a man’s spirituality
is not his ability to speak, as we are apt to think, but rather his
ability to bridle his tongue.
The Lord Jesus Himself explained
this in no uncertain terms in a heated exchange with the Pharisees:
“Make a tree good and its fruit will be good, or make a tree bad and
its fruit will be bad, for a tree is recognized by its fruit. You
brood of vipers, how can you who are evil say anything good? For out
of the overflow of the heart the mouth speaks” (Mt 12:33, 34). The
tongue will inevitably reveal what is on the inside. This is
especially true under stress, when the tongue is compulsively
revealing.
A preacher with hammer in hand,
doing some work on a church workday, noticed that one of the men
seemed to be following him around. Finally the preacher asked why. The
man answered, “I just want to hear what you say when you hit your
thumb.” The curious parishioner understood that would be the
existential moment of truth. The same could be said of the domestic
stresses of the home, where the mouth unfailingly trumpets one’s
essence.
James does not mean that those who
sometimes fall into this sin have a worthless religion, for all are
guilty at times. Rather, he is saying that if anyone’s tongue is
habitually unbridled, though his church attendance be impeccable,
his Bible knowledge envied, his prayers many, his tithes exemplary,
and though he “considers himself religious … he deceives himself and
his religion is worthless.”
The ever practical James has cut
through all the religious decorum, but it is not butter that glistens
under his knife, but the marrow of our souls. True religion controls
the tongue. Men, how is your religion? How is mine? Do you talk too
much? Do you pass along choice morsels for others to gleefully take
in? Do you say to people’s faces what you would never say behind their
backs? Do you have the “gift” of a sharp tongue? Are people elevated
or diminished through your words? (Hughes,
R. K. Disciplines of a Godly Man. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books)
(Google
preview of many of the 19 chapters of this
highly recommended
book)
“The boneless tongue, so small and
weak,
Can crush and kill,” declares the Greek,
“The tongue destroys a greater horde,”
The Turk asserts, “than does the sword.”
The Persian proverb wisely saith,
“A lengthy tongue — an early death!”
Or sometimes takes this form instead,
“Do not let your tongue cut off your head.”
“The tongue can speak a word whose
speed,”
Say the Chinese, “outstrips the steed.”
The Arab sages said in part,
“The tongue’s great storehouse is the heart.”
From Hebrew was the maxim sprung,
“Thy feet should slip, but ne’er the tongue.”
The sacred writer crowns the whole,
“Who keeps the tongue doth keep his soul.”
(From James S. Hewitt, ed., Illustrations Unlimited.
Tyndale House)
But (alla) introduces
a contrast between not reining in his tongue (what he does not do) and
deceiving his own heart (what he does do)! Notice the nature of
deception - he thinks he is religious and yet has a problem with
tongue control which shows that he has managed to deceived himself
(into thinking he is "okay" with God, that he is religious). Deception
is a frightening thing especially when you don't recognize it! (Which
you won't if you are truly deceived). This person fails to see the
illogic of his supposed "holiness" before God and his unholy words
before men! The root of his deception lies in the fact that this
person thinks that God is only interested in external worship, when in
fact He is far more interested in the heart from which the worship
flows.
Deceives
(538)
(apatao
from
apate
= deceit, that which gives a
false impression, whether by appearance, statement or influence) (Click
in depth study of the root
word
apate)
means to lead astray, mislead, cheat, delude, beguile, seduce into
error. Apatao means to cause someone to have misleading or erroneous
views concerning the truth. The chief sense in the NT is that of
ethical enticement, specifically of enticing to sin.
The
present tense
indicates that this individual who persists in his or her failure to
control their speech, is an individual who continually deceives their
own heart. (cp Jer 17:9, 10; Eccl 9:3)
People's NT
Commentary - He who professes religion and yet does not control
his tongue is deceived. Unless he has grace enough to rule the unruly
member, he has not enough for salvation.
The only other
NT uses of apatao
are found in...
Ephesians 5:6 (note)
Let no one deceive
(present
imperative
+ negative = stop being
deceived) you with empty words, for because of these things the wrath
of God comes upon the sons of disobedience.
1Timothy 2:14 And it was not Adam
who was deceived (apatao), but the woman being quite deceived
(exapatao), fell into transgression.
It is helpful to
see the English definitions of the words by which one could translate
apatao...
Deceive (from Latin decipere
= ensnare, cheat) means to lead astray or frustrate usually by
underhandedness; deceive implies imposing a false idea or belief that
causes ignorance, bewilderment, or helplessness
Beguile means to lead astray
by underhandedness & stresses the use of charm and persuasion in
deceiving; deceive by wiles (tricks or stratagems intended to ensnare
or deceive = attempts to entrap or deceive with false allurements)
Mislead means to lead in a
wrong direction or into a mistaken action or belief often by
deliberate deceit
Delude means to mislead the
mind or judgment of; implies deceiving so thoroughly as to obscure the
truth
Wayne Barber
explains deceived writing that
First of all
for me to be deceived, I am going to have to trust you. I am not going
to be deceived by someone who I already have a question about. It is
going to be someone who has my ear. It is
going
to be someone who has my time. When I am listening to them, then I am
going to be deceived. The word "deceive" means to be led
astray. You are walking on a path and all of a sudden something gets
your ear. You trust what you are hearing and all of a sudden you start
turning that way. That is what it means to be deceived. (Ephesians
5:6-7: Don't Be Deceived)
Heart
(2588)
(kardia)
does not refer to the literal
physical organ in Scripture but is always used figuratively to refer
to the seat and center of human life. The heart is the center of the
personality, and it controls the intellect, emotions, and will. No
outward obedience is of the slightest value unless the heart turns to
God.
His own heart
- It and the tongue act and react on one another (Jamieson)
Hughes
explains that...
The heart is the wellspring
of man’s spiritual life... (Hughes,
R. K. Romans: Righteousness from heaven. Preaching the Word. Wheaton,
Ill.: Crossway Books)
While kardia
does represent the inner person, the seat of motives and attitudes,
the center of personality, in Scripture it represents much more than
emotion, feelings. It also includes the thinking process and
particularly the will. Jesus asked a group of scribes, “Why are you
thinking evil in your hearts?” (Matthew 9:4). The heart is the
control center of mind and will as well as emotion.
Vine
writes that kardia...
came to denote man’s entire mental
and moral activities, and to stand figuratively for the hidden springs
of the personal life, and so here signifies the seat of thought and
feeling." (Vine,
W. Collected writings of W. E. Vine. Nashville: Thomas Nelson)
MacArthur
commenting on kardia writes that...
While we often relate heart
to the emotions (e.g., “He has a broken heart”), the Bible relates it
primarily to the intellect (e.g., “Out of the heart come
evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false
witness, slanders,” Mt 15:19). That’s why you must “watch over your
heart with all diligence” (Pr 4:23-note). In a secondary way, however,
heart relates to the will and emotions because they are influenced
by the intellect. If you are committed to something, it will affect
your will, which in turn will affect your emotions." (Drawing Near.
Crossway Books)
MacArthur
adds that
In most modern cultures, the
heart is thought of as the seat of emotions and feelings. But most
ancients—Hebrews, Greeks, and many others—considered the heart
to be the center of knowledge, understanding, thinking, and wisdom.
The New Testament also uses it in that way. The heart was
considered to be the seat of the mind and will, and it could be taught
what the brain could never know. Emotions and feelings were associated
with the intestines, or bowels." (MacArthur,
J: Ephesians. 1986. Chicago: Moody Press)
Spurgeon
writes...
That which is in the well will come
up in the bucket, and that which is in the heart will come up on the
tongue. An unbridled tongue denotes an unrenewed heart. Oh, that God
would ever give us grace in our heart to move our tongue aright! Then,
as the water guides the whole ship, our tongue will guide our whole
body, and the whole of our manhood will be under holy government and
control.
An unbridled tongue indicates a
godless heart.
THIS MAN'S RELIGION IS
WORTHLESS: outou mataios e threskeia: (Jas 2:20; Is 1:13;
Mal 3:14; Mt 15:9; Mk 7:7; 1Co 15:2,15; Gal 3:4)
Religion
(2356)
(threskeia) means worship or religious service (as in Col 2:18-note)
and can refer to a system of external observances as in (Acts 26:5).
BDAG says threskeia is the "expression of devotion to transcendent
beings." In simple terms, religion in this context refers to
external actions and patterns of behavior. Christianity as you
undoubtedly have heard is best defined not as a religion but as
a relationship with a Person, Jesus Christ the Lord.
MacDonald
explains religion as referring...
to the outward forms rather than
the inward spirit. It means the outer expression of belief in worship
and service rather than the doctrines believed.
(MacDonald,
W & Farstad, A. Believer's Bible Commentary: Thomas Nelson or
Logos)
Worthless
(3152)
(mataios)
from maten = groundless, invalid) means vain, empty, devoid of
force, nonproductive, useless, dead, fruitless,
aimless, of no real or lasting value. This adjective describes an
ineffectual attempt to do something or an unsuccessful effort to
attain something. Mataios emphasizes aimlessness or the leading
to no object or end and thus is used to describe false gods or idols
in contrast to the true God.
This man's
religion is vain, empty, devoid of power (cp 2Ti 3:5-note),
lacking in content (not pure milk 1Pe 2:2-note;
not